• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

Optimal feeding strategies in bioreactor operation of Scutellaria baicalensis G. plant cell culture were investigated to maximize the production of flavone glycosides by using a structured kinetic model which can predict culture growth and flavone glycosides synthesis in a rigorous, quantitative manner. For the production of baicalin and wogonin-7-0-GA, the strategies for glucose feeding into Scutellaria baicalensis G. plant cell culture were proposed based on the model, which are a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability and of specific production rate respectively, and a perfusion operation with maintenance of specific production rate for baicalin and wogonin-7-0-GA. Simulation results showed that the highest volumetric concentration of flavone glycosides was obtained in a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability among all the suggested strategies. In the periodic fed-batch operations, the higher volumetric production of flavone glycosides was achieved compared with that in the perfusion operation. It can be concluded that a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability would be the optimal and practical operating strategy of Scutellaris baicalensis G. plant cell culture for the production of flavone glycosides.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3219-3223
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• 2014

Ochnaflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid composed of two units of apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) joined via a C-O-C linkage, was first synthesized and evaluated its inhibitory activity on $PGE_2$ production. Total synthesis was accomplished through modified Ullmann diaryl ether formation as a key step. Coupling reactions of 4'-halogenoflavones and 3'-hydroxy-5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone were explored in diverse reaction conditions. The reaction of 4'-fluoro-5,7-dimethoxyflavone (2c) and 3'-hydroxy-5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (2d) in N,N-dimethylacetamide gave the coupled compound 3 in 58% yield. Synthetic ochnaflavone strongly inhibited PGE2 production ($IC_{50}=1.08{\mu}M$) from LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, which was due to reduced expression of COX-2. On the contrary, the inhibition mechanism of wogonin was somewhat different from that of ochnaflavone although wogonin, a natural occurring anti-inflammatory flavonoid, showed strong inhibitory activity of $PGE_2$ production ($IC_{50}=0.52{\mu}M$), and seems to be COX-2 enzyme inhibition. Our concise total synthesis of ochnaflavone enable us to provide sufficient quantities of material for advanced biological studies as well as to efficiently prepare derivatives for structure-activity relationship study.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 2014

Gumiganghwal-tang (GMT) is a traditional herbal prescription used for treatment of the common cold, pain, and inflammatory diseases. Variations in the amounts of bioactive components of GMT and GMT fermented with 10 Lactobacillus strains were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analyses of eleven bioactive compounds (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, liquiritin, cimifugin, baicalin, liquiritigenin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, butylphthalide, imperatorin, and isoimperatorin) were performed, with comparison of their retention times (tR) and UV spectra with those of standard compounds. The amounts of baicalin (8.71 mg/g), liquiritigenin (5.28 mg/g) and butylphthalide (5.10 mg/g) were the major compounds in GMT. We found that L. fermentum KFRI 145 fermented wogonoside and baicalin to their aglycones, wogonin and baicalein, respectively. These results indicated that L. fermentum KFRI 145 has potential as a functional starter culture for manufacturing fermented GMT.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1994

The ether, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis showed a significant inhibition of lens aldose reductase (AR) activity in vitro. During systematic fractionation of the active fractions, 7 flavonoids were isolated and compared their inhibitory activities against rat AR using DL-glyceraldehyde as a substrate, among which baicalin (VII) was found to exhibit the most potent inhibitory activity. Baicalin (VII) and wogonin-7-O-glucuronide (VI), with repeated treatments (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) throughout the experimental periods caused a significant suppression of cataract formation induced by galactose (40 g/kg/day) as well as the decrease of galactitol accumulation in the rat lens. The flavonoids also exhibited a significant inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in the lenses of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.635-641
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• 2014

Scutellaria baicalensis $G_{EORGI}$ (Scutellariae Radix) has been used to clear heat and to dry dampness in the stomach or intestines, which manifests as diarrhea or dysenteric disorder. In this study, we investigated the effective preparation of active components in Scutellariae Radix using the methods of solvent extraction and absorption fractionation for the development of new functional food or pharmaceuticals. The marker substances, baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, and wogonin were directly isolated from the Scutellariae Radix. There chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The Scutellariae Radix was extracted with hot water. To enhance yield of flavonoids in Scutellariae Radix, the hot water extract was dissolved in ethanol with concentration dependent manner. The precipitates were separated using centrifugal techniques at 10,000 rpm. Supernatant liquid was applied to the HPLC for quantification of major compounds. Separately, the hot water extract was absorbed on Diaion HP-20 resin. And then, the absorbed fraction was eluted with methanol for HPLC. The contents of baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin in different treatment methods were analyzed by HPLC. Total amount of four major components were 16.9% in 50% ethanol extract, 21.7% in 70% ethanol extract, 20.5% in 90% ethanol extract, and 39.3% in absorbed fraction of Diaion HP-20 resin. In these results, we found that resin absorption method is suitable for the extraction of enriched flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7179-7186
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• 2013

Background and Aims: Scutellaria is one of the most popular traditional Chinese herbal remedies against various human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we examined the active effects of Scutellaria extract and its main flavonoid constituents on the proportion of side population cells within human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 in vitro and explored the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Materials and Methods: The contents of flavonoids in ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The antiproliferative effect of the ethanolic extract on RPMI-8226 was determined by CCK assay. Apoptosis was measured by annexin combining with propidium iodide in a flow cytometer. Cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining in combination with flow cytometry analysis. Hoechst 33342 exclusion assay was used for the identification of side population within RPMI8226 cells. The expression of ABCG2 protein was assessed by Western blotting assay. Results: The content of major flavonoids constitutents of Scutellaria extract was baicalin (10.2%), wogonoside (2.50%), baicalein (2.29%), and wogonin (0.99%), respectively. The crude Scutellaria extract did not show significant anti-proliferative effect, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in RPMI-8226 within the concentrations of $1-75{\mu}g/mL$. However, the ethanolic extract, baicalein, wogonin and baicalin reduced the side population cells in RPMI-8226, and data showed that baicalein and wogonin had stronger inhibitory effects. Correspondingly, they also exhibited significant effects on decreasing the expression level of ABCG2 protein in RPMI-8226 in vitro. Conclusions: Our results for the first time demonstrated a novel mechanism of action for Scutellaria extract and its main active flavonoids, namely targeting SP cells by modulating the expression of ABCG2 protein. This study provides an insight for new therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells of multiple myeloma.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 2005

It was carried out for development of natural antimicrobial on Scutellariae Radix by measuring the general nutritional composition and mineral contents. This study analyzed it with LC-MS to identify antimicrobial activity substance in the Scutellariae Radix extract, its content was analyzed using HPLC. The searching substance was examined antimicrobial activity by disk method. The approximate composition of Scutellariae Radix was $8.93\%$ of moisture, $4.13\%$ of crude ash, $15.30\%$ of crude protein, $3.71\%$ of crude fat, $67.93\%$ of carbohydrate, respectively. Scutellariae Radix was contained high contents of minerals such as K(12,050 mg/kg),. Mg(4,295 mg/kg), remarkably. It was identified that molecular weight 445' peak was baicalin, molecular weight 283' peak was wogonin and molecular weight 269' peak was baicalein on Scutellariae Radix extract Baicalin showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and L monocytogenes when examined by disk method, which was estimated antimicrobial activity substance in the Scutellariae Radix extract. The content of baicalin was $0.75\%$(with D.W.) and $0.82\%$(with methanol) in the Scutellariae Radix extract using HPLC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.245-245
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• 1994

From the active fraction, cytotoxic constituents 1-5 were isolated and identified to be 2(S)-5,7-dihydroxy-8,2'-dimethoxyflavanone (1), wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone, 2), 5,7-dihydruxy-8,2'-dimethoxyflavone (3), 2(5) -5,7,2'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavanone (4), 2(S) - 5,2',5'-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (5), respectively, with those of specimens$\^$1-2)/

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.205-209
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• 2006

The structures of flavonoids, 2(S)-5,7-dihydroxy-8,2'-dimethoxyflavanone (1), wogonin (2), 2(S)-5,7, 2'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavanone (3), and 2(S)-5,2',5'-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (4), isolated from Scutellaria indica were revised on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopy, including to gCOSY, gHSQC, and gHMBC. Compounds 1-4 were tested in vitro protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited weak PTP1B inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 208 and $337{\mu}M$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.67-73
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• 2007

There have been various inflammatory skin disorders in humans including atopic dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis. Although some drugs have been used for these disorders, there is an urgent need for safer and more effective topical anti-inflammatory agents. Plant flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory activity and some of them have multiple pharmacological mechanisms, inhibition of eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes, histamine release and/or down-regulation of pro inflammatory gene expression. These properties of flavonoids may be suitable for treating chronic skin inflammatory disorders. Especially, wogonin, some prenylated flavonoids and biflavonoids have a strong potential as new anti-inflammatory agents by topical application.