• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 1970

This survey was conducted to evaluate not only the present status of health center directors-their personal histories, their will to private practice in the future, their responses to governmental policies, -but also the distribution of doctorless myons, budget and subsidy, and director's opinions to the enhancement of health center activities. This survey questioned 116 health center directors and 16 health personnel from August to October of 1970 and obtained the following results; 1) The average ages of directors of kun, city, and total health centers were $43.2{\pm}7.8,\;42.1{\pm}7.7,\;and\;42.9{\pm}10.3$ respectively. 2) The average family sizes of directors of kun, city, and total health centers were $5.6{\pm}2.7,\;5.6{\pm}2.1,\;and\;5.6{\pm}2.6$ respectively. 3) Directors holding M. D. degrees were 79.3%, those holding qualified M. D. degrees ('approved director') were 20.7%. 4) M. P. H., M. S., and Ph. D. holders were 6.0%, 6.1%, and 4.3% respectively. 5) The average duration of present directorship in kun and city were 30.2 months and 20.4 months respectively. 6) The majority of directors had been employed in related fields before assuming current position : directorship at other health center 26.7%, army 22.4%, health subcenter 21.6%, private practice 19.0%. 7) Average length of directorship is 41.8 months. Average length of public health career, including health subcenter and present position, is 56.5 months. 8) Both rural and urban experience in health centers for regular directors is 16.3% and for approved directors, 12,5%. A total of 15.5% of all survey directors had experience in both rural and urban health center. 9) A total of 70.7% of health center directorships were staffed by local doctors. 10) Nearly 40% wanted to quit the directorships within 3 years and 60.3% had already experienced private practice. 11) Of the regular directors 17.4% felt strongly about devoting their lives to public health fields, but only 4.1% of the approved approved directors felt so. 12) There wire 432 doctorless myons among 996 respondent myons and 4.5 doctorless myons per kun. 13) The percentage of doctorless myon by Province are as follows, Cholla buk-do 57.2%, Cholla nam-de 55.0%, Kyungsang nam-do 52.0%, Kyungsang buk-do 49.7%, Chungchong but-do 42.4%, Kyonggi-do 32.9%. Cheju-do 30.8%, Kangwon-do 25.8%. 14) Two thirds of health critters have experienced the abscence of the director for a certain period since 1966 and the average span of the abscence was 18.2 months. 15) The percentage of doctorless myons increased proportionally with the span of the director's abscence. 16) The average budgets of health centers, kun, city and ku, were $W15.03\;million{\pm}W4.5\;million,\;W22.03\;million{\pm}W17.80\;million,\;W13.10\;million{\pm}W7.9\;million$ respectively. 17) Chunju city had the highest health budget per capita(W344) while Pusan Seo ku had the lowest(W19). 18) Director's medical subsidies are W30,000-50,000 in kun, and roughly W20,000 in city. 19) The older of priority in health center activities is T.B. control(31.1%), Family Planning and M. C. H.(28.0%), prevention of acute communicable disease and endemic disease (18.2%) and clinical care of patients(14.3%). 20) Nearly 32% opposed in principle the governmental policy of prohibiting medical doctors from going abroad. 21) Suggestions for immediate enhancing the position of director of health centers and subcenters: (1) Raise the base subsidy (48.2%), (2) Provide more opportunities for promotion (20.7%), (3) Exemption from army services(12.1%), (4) Full scholarship to medical students for this purpose only (7.8%). 22) A newly established medical school was opposed by 56.9% of the directors, however 33.6% of them approved. 23) Pertaining to the division of labor in Medicine and Pharmacy, the largest portion (31.9%) urged the immediate partial division of antibiotics and some addictive drugs to be given only by prescription. 24) More than half wanted a W70,000 level for the director's medical subsidies, white 36.2% stated W50,000. 25) Urgently needed skills in the kun are clinical pathologist (38.6%) and doctor (health center director) (25.5%); while in the city nurse (37.1%), doctors(clinical)(31.4%) and health educators(14.4%) are needed. 26) Essential treatment for the better health center administration; raising the base subsidy (22.7%), obtaining the power of personal management (19.3%) and the establishment of a Board of Health (14.3%). etc.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.401-412
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• 2016

It is extremely difficult to apply conventional grouting methods to subsea tunnelling construction in the high water pressure condition. In such a condition, the rapid artificial freezing method can be an alternative to grouting to form a watertight zone around freezing pipes. For a proper design of the artificial freezing method, the influence of salinity on the freezing process has to be considered. However, there are few domestic tunnel construction that adopted the artificial freezing method, and influential factors on the freezing of the soil are not clearly identified. In this paper, a series of laboratory experiments were performed to identify the physical characteristics of frozen soil. Thermal conductivity of the frozen and unfrozen soil samples was measured through the thermal sensor adopting transient hot-wire method. Moreover, a lab-scale freezing chamber was devised to simulate freezing process of silica sand with consideration of the salinity of pore-water. The temperature in the silica sand sample was measured during the freezing process to evaluate the effect of pore-water salinity on the frozen rate that is one of the key parameters in designing the artificial freezing method in subsea tunnelling. In case of unfrozen soil, the soil samples saturated with fresh water (salinity of 0%) and brine water (salinity of 3.5%) showed a similar value of thermal conductivity. However, the frozen soil sample saturated with brine water led to the thermal conductivity notably higher than that of fresh water, which corresponds to the fact that the freezing rate of brine water was greater than that of fresh water in the freezing chamber test.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2008

Purpose: The frequency of foreign body in the knee joint is not as high, but it sometimes required wide or multiple arthrotomy in order to remove, which can baffle the surgeon in some ways. Our study is to evaluate for effectiveness of arthroscopic retrieval for intra-articular foreign body in the knee joint. Materials and Methods: The 22 patients(16 males, 6 females) had received arthroscopic foreign body retrieval in the knee joint from March 1983 to September 2006. The causes of foreign bodies of the knee joint were 7 of trauma (31.9%) related cases, 13 of surgery related cases (59.0%), 2 found during follow up after operation (8.1%) in pathologies of foreign body. Results: There were 15 of metal showed the most percentage (68.1%), 7 of non-metal (31.9%) in types of foreign bodies, and others included bullet, suture material, pencil lead, broken wire etc. All cases were used by arthroscopic techniques. All foreign bodies were removed easily and were showed no complication such as postoperative joint stiffness. Conclusion: Arthroscopic foreign body retrieval in the knee joint is effective surgery in terms of easy access to foreign body and less postoperative complication.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

Purpose: The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the internal fixation, which were executed on patients over the age of 65 with proximal humerus fracture by using a polyaxial angular stable locking compression plate (Non-Contact-Bridging proximal humerus plate, Zimmer, Switzerland, NCB), were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Thirty two patients over the age of 65 among the proximal humerus fracture treated with NCB plate, between August 2007 and January 2011, were chosen as the subjects. The average age of patients was 71 years, and the average postoperative follow-up period was 11.5 months. The fractures included 14 two-part and 18 three-part fractures. The clinical results were evaluated, using the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the Constant score. The radiological results were evaluated by time to union and Paavolainen method, which measures the neck shaft angle. Results: At the last follow-up examination, the mean VAS score was 3 points and the mean Constant score was 64.5 points, with bone union achieved after the average of 16.2 weeks following the surgery in all the cases. The mean neck shaft angle was 125.9 and 24 cases had good results, while 8 cases had fair results by Paavolainen method, at the last follow-up. There were 1 case of delayed union and cerclage wire failure, and 3 cases of subacromial impingement. There were no complications, such as loss of reduction, nonunion, screw loosening, or avascular necrosis of the humeral head. Conclusion: Internal fixation, using a NCB plate, was considered to be an effective surgical method in treating proximal humerus fracture in the elderly patients, on whom the fixation of the fracture and maintenance of reduction are difficult.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

There is a difficulty because of classifying the anatomical structure in the neck CT scan by the beam hardening artifact no more than disease and it including the 6, 7 number cervical spine and intervertebral disk. In case of enforcing the neck CT scan cause of the inner diameter of beam artifact tried to be inquired by the image evaluation according to the change of the image evaluation according to the direction of the shoulder joint applying the variation method of a posture and location and Kernel value and it was most appropriate, the lion tax and Kernel value try to be searched for through an experiment. Somatom Sensation 16 (Siemens, Enlarge, Germany) equipment was used in a patient 30 people coming to the hospital for the neck CT scan. A workstation used the AW 4.4 version (GE, USA). According to a direction and location of the shoulder joint, the patient posture gave a change to the direction of the shoulder joint as the group S it gave a change as three postures and placed the both arms comfortably and helps a group N and augmented unipolar left in the wealthy merchant and group P it memorized the both hands and ordered the eversion and drops below to the utmost and enforced a scan. By using a reconstructing method as the second opinion, it gave and reconstructed the Kernel value a change based on scan data with B 10 (very smooth), B 20 (smooth), B 30 (medium smooth), B 40 (medium), B 50 (medium sharp), B 60 (sharp), and B 70 (very sharp). By using image data which gave the change of the examination posture and change of the Kernel value and are obtained, we analyzed through the noise value measurement and image evaluation of. The outside wire eversion orders the both hands and the examination posture is cost in the neck CT scan with the group P it drops below to the utmost. And in case of when reconstructing with B 40 (medium) or B 50 (medium sharp) being most analyzed into the inappropriate posture and Kernel value and applying the Kernel value to a clinical, it is considered to be very useful.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.11-36
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• 1982

Forty-nine plant species as additives to silkworm artificial diet and 5 species as cellulose sources for artificial diet were screened for their economic values as feed-resources for the silkworm. Feeding response to artificial diet was tested on 82 silkworm strains. The effect of rearing conditions on feeding response and enzyme activities in the silkworm was investigated. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Seven species out of 49, Vigna sinensis ENDL, Ipomoea vatatas Lamarck, Cyperus anuricus Var. Laxus, Alnus japonica Stendel, Trifolium repens L, Prunus serrulata Lindley. Var, Glycine max L increased feeding response, compared with the basic formula of artificial diet. 2. The economic values of Vigna sinensis ENDL, Ipomoea vatatas Lamarck, Cyperus anuricus Var. Laxus, Ainus japonica Stendel, Cassia tera L, Erigeron canedensis L as feed-resources for artificiale diet were recognized, through feeding experiment during the entire larval stage. 3. Mulberry cellulose showed the best results in rearing and cocoon characteristics. 4. The extent of feeding response varied according to strains and varieties. Varieties in japanese strains showed higher feeding response than those in chinese and european varieties, with considerable variations among a varieties in strains. 5. The begining of 4th instar seems to be a proper time to convert from mulberry to artificial diet, or artificial diet to mulberry, however the middle of 3rd instar seems acceptable. 6. The optimum temperature for artificial diet rearing is 30$^{\circ}C$ during the period of 1st-3rd instar and 28$^{\circ}C$ for 4th-5th instar. 7. Electrophoretic isozyme patterns of esterase and acid phosphatase on agarose gel, as affected by strain. rearing temperature and feed-resources, were observed as follow. (1) Isozyme patterns of mid-gut esterase varied, depending on instar. One or two more isozyme bands were observed in the larvae than feed on the mulberry fed for the artificial diet. (2) A strain, chinese-15 with a higher feeding response, had 1∼2 more bands than chinese-60 with a lower feeding response. (3) Five bands of mid-gut esterase in 3rd and 4th instar larvae reared at 28$^{\circ}C$. and 4 for 3rd instar and 6∼7 for 4th instar larvae at 35$^{\circ}C$ were observed. (4) No similar esterase bands could be found among mid-gut, blood and silkgland. There are five esterase bands in the midgut, one in blood and three in silkgland. (5) There was rather small digerence in acid phosphatase types of mid-gut and blood according to varieties and rearing temperature. No active band was shown in silkgland. In midgut, there was one acid phosphatase band at 3rd instar, two at 4th instar and three at 5th instar. In blood, one active band at 3rd or 4th instar and three bands at 5th inster wire detected.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.177-198
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• 2006

This study purposed to offer basic data for safety education of the dental laboratory technology after the investigation of how much the students in the dept. of dental laboratory technology are aware of the danger of each instrument, equipment or laboratory procedure that they use during laboratory and how much they demand safety education for this. The objects for this study were 423 students who were in the dept. of dental laboratory technology. In this regard, four colleges which have the dept. of dental laboratory technology were randomly selected to do a questionnaire survey. SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the collected data. The results were as follows: As for satisfaction with their major, the respondents answered Satisfied (59.1%), Average (35.5%) and Dissatisfied (5.4%). In terms of the production process of a partial denture, they considered casting, polishing the casting body, polishing denture and burn out were most dangerous in order. As for the production process of a full denture, what they regarded as the most dangerous in order was polishing denture, deflasking and wax wash. Regarding the laboratory procedures of porcelain material, casting, trimming casting body, polishing porcelain material and burn out were the most dangerous procedures that they perceived. With regard to materials for use, alcohol, polishing, metal and wire were the most dangerous ones they thought. As for the handling characteristics of each material, small towns showed a higher demand for safety of the handling characteristics of alcohol. In terms of school year and sex, juniors and girls had higher scores in the demand for safety of the handling characteristics of acid. Regarding the handling characteristics of each equipment and instrument, all of small towns, juniors and girls showed the highest demand for safety of the handling characteristics of alcohol lamps. With regard to scores in the demand for safety of other characteristics, all of small towns, juniors and girls had the highest demand for safety of emergency treatment. Concerning the demand for safety education by the completion of safety education, in terms of each material, highest was the demand for safety of acid from the group which completed safety education. In regard to equipments and instruments, when it came to the demand for safety of the handling characteristics of casting machine, the educated group's demand for safety of acid was higher. Regarding other characteristics, the group which was not educated gained higher scores in the demand for safety of emergency treatment. 11. In all areas(materials, machines and others), small towns, girls and juniors showed higher scores in the demand for safety. Based on the above results, it was found that when students conduct the laboratory of dental technology, they would think that many materials, instruments or equipments for use are very dangerous. However, safety education was not fully given to them. Regarding the scores in the damned for safety education, the highest was 4.16 and the lowest was 3.43, which suggests that the scores were generally very high. In this regard, it is necessary to continue delivering a systematic safety education of materials, equipments or instruments used during the laboratory of dental technology. Therefore, through the analysis of each material, instruments or facility used in every laboratory and each process, safety accident types and accident risk factors should be investigated to develop educational materials for this. Moreover, it is required to open safety education as a single course of study or insert safety contents of all materials and machines into the class of dental laboratory instrument or dental materials for the purpose of a systematic and thorough safety education to prevent a safety accident during laboratory.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2000

The water-soluble glucan produced by Lactococcus lactis 1370 affects the formation of dental plaque by Streptococcus mutans. In this study the factors affecting the formation of water-soluble glucan were assessed as the optical density of culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 in the spectrophotometer. 1. The optical density of culture supernatant was high when Lactococcus lactis 1370 was cultured in M17 broth with 5% sucrose, while being low in culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans. 2. The optical density of culture supernatant was higher when Lactococcus lactis 1370 was cultured in M17 broth with 10% sucrose than when being cultured without sucrose (p<0.05), and was higher at pH 7 than pH 5 (p<0.05). 3. The optical density of culture supernatant was the highest at $37^{\circ}C$ among $32^{\circ}C,\;37^{\circ}C\;and\;42^{\circ}C$, and was higher in the anaerobic incubator than in the aerobic incubator (p<0.05). 4. The optical density of culture supernatant was the highest in the media containing 1.0mM $CaCl_2$ (p<0.05), 2.5mM KCl (p<0.05), and 1.6mM $MgCl_2$. 5. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured in the media containing a quarter culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 grown in M17 broth, the mean weight of produced artificial plaque was 103.0mg on the wire, whereas being significantly reduced to 5.6mg in the media containing a quarter culture supernatant of Lactococcus lactis 1370 grown in M17 broth containing 5% sucrose (p<0.05). These results indicate that the water-soluble glucan is more formed by Lactococcus lactis 1370 in the media containing sucrose or under the adequate conditions for the growth of bacteria, and inhibits the formation of artificial plaque by Streptococcus mutans.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop a mobile tower-yarder with tractor for agriculture and forestry that is the efficient yarder in steep terrains, thinning operation and small scale logging operation. It was designed and manufactured that the power source of tower-yarder is equiped three hydraulic pump connected to PTO of tractor, and three hydraulic pump is used to operate the four motor for drum, the cylinder for clutch of interlocker, the cylinder for tower expanding and the out-rigger cylinder. It was to adopt the running skyline system and the inter-lock function, and to equip the double capstan drum, the storage drum and the clutch for interlock in the development of tower-yarder. It was to develop the tower-yarder which the winch torque of double-capstan drum, the traction force of double-capstan drum, the number of rotation of double-capstan drum and the line speed is $191kg{\cdot}m$, 1,910 kgf, 220.5 rpm and 138.5 m/min, respectively. And it was known that the optimum flange diameter of the main and haulback storage drum is about 360 mm and about 460 mm in order to storage the main line length of 250m and the haulback line length of 450 m. The carriage was made to adopt the running skyline system and to equip the lock function in order to the convenience of chocking and the fall down preventing of tree. It was provided to develop the wire remote controller for the inter-lock function, the convenience of control and the efficiency of yarding. In development process, this tower-yarder was attached the 3-point linkage hitch equipment and the tire wheel for the traction and moving of tower-yarder. Also, it was equipped that the out-rigger and the guy line in order to raise the safety and efficiency of yarding of tower-yarder.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.731-738
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of 3 point bending properties of various nickel titanium wires after recycling. Four Types of nickel-titanium (Align: martensitic type, NiTi, Optimalloy, Sentalloy: austenitic type) wires were divided to three groups: as-received condition (T0: control group), treated in artificial saliva for four weeks (T1) and autoclaved after being treated in artificial saliva (T2). Detrimental changes were observed for the selected mechanical properties in three point bending test. Loading force at 3mm deflection, unloading force at 3mm deflection, stress hysteresis, loading force at 1mm deflection, unloading force at 1mm deflection and stress hysteresis at 1mm deflection were calculated. The findings suggest that : 1. Align demonstrated statistically significant increase In loading force (p<0.05) and unloading force (p<0.01) at 3mm deflection after recycling(T2), but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling. 2. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in hysteresis(p<0.01) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically significant difference after recycling. 3. All wires showed no statistically significant difference in loading force at 1mm deflection after recycling(T2). 4. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in unloading force in 1mm deflection (p<0.05) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling 5. Loading force and unloading force of T1 showed no significant change compared with those of T0, but loading force and unloading force of T2 showed significant changes compared with those of T0(p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively). 6. Align demonstrated a tendency to lose some of this pseudoelasticity in T1 and pseudoplasticity and pseudoelasticity in T2.