• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2015

Purpose - This is a comparative study of the market development and characteristics of Ulsan in South Korea, Fukuoka in Japan, and Yanji in China, which are major East Sea Rim cities with adjacent areas of similar natural characteristics of the sea and the country. Particularly, it considers these aspects while focusing on the evolution of networks that appear in the distribution system and at the same time examining the institutions of market activation and regulations that are handled by the central and the local government and the changing logistics due to the development of transportation and the concern of food safety, using a meso-analysis approach. Research design, data, and methodology - The study used a historical and comparative approach with a focus on case studies. It made use of various materials such as local newspaper articles, reports, literature, interviews with experts, discussions with local merchants, discussions with customers, and so forth. Results - In the case of Fukuoka, from the 1960s, due to the entry of supermarkets, supermarkets expanded and they have now come to a dominant market position in the current market. They offer a convenient and comfortable environment while providing a large mall offering a variety of educational and cultural activities for customers to meet the customers' needs, such as the preferences of Korean tourists, who appear to prefer Japanese foods. The Fukuoka City Central Wholesale Market has been exporting fruits and vegetables as well as seafood products to Korea, China, and so forth. In the case of Ulsan, as in the early 2000s, due to the expansion of supermarkets, the traditional markets have been shrinking and further, the modernization of traditional markets was conducted under the auspices of the Small Business Administration. In addition to the large discount malls, the expansion of SSM is expected to further drive the small trader bay. Shopping malls, department stores, and traditional markets contend with each other in Yanji, China, but a large number of citizens appear to prefer traditional markets and imported milk in the supermarket after the melamine scandal in China. Recently, the WanYuan (萬源) wholesale market has been partially completed and made an attempt to become a logistics hub in Northeast Asia. Conclusions - For the development of Korea's retail industry, it is important to offer the government with proposals regarding desired regulation. On the other hand, in order to enable the business of traditional markets, it requires an association for cultural tourism. At present, it would be better to provide a venture fund for the youth rather than infrastructure support. This study emphasizes the importance of institutions and policy to develop networks in the East Sea Rim. Future studies should conduct a survey on customers, managers, and merchants more carefully and systematically to understand the market situation while considering the size of the city and its evolution of markets, as well as policies and institutions.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

In order to survey residual characteristics of pesticides in the agricultural products selling at markets and to assess their safety, a total of 120 agricultural products were collected from the wholesale and traditional markets in Cheongju and analyzed the pesticide residues in them by multiresidue analysis method using GLC, HPLC and GC-MSD. Three pesticides, procymidone, penconazole, and tetraconazole, were detected from 4 samples such as onion, leek, tomato, and green pepper. Fungicide penconazole was detected from the onion collected from wholesale market. Fungicide procymidone was detected from leek and tomato and fungicide tetraconazole was detected from green pepper. Pesticide residues were detected from 3.3% of the total samples. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the pesticides detected were less than 0.1% of their acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), representing that residue levels of the pesticides detected were evaluated as safe.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.453-462
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• 2011

This study was carried out to survey the residual characteristics of pesticides and assess their safety. Nineteen agricultural commodities, collected from wholesale and traditional markets in Cheongju. Nineteen agricultural commodities including perilla leaves were collected from the markets on October 29th, 2010. Total 240 pesticides which can be analyzed by multiresidue analysis method by GLC and HPLC were monitored and the pesticides detected were confirmed by GC-MSD and LC-MS. Five pesticides, alachlor, bifenthrin, endosulfan, procymidone and triflumizole, were detected from five samples, such as welsh onion, leek and celery in case of wholesale market and perilla leaves and welsh onion in case of traditional market. Detection rate of 13.2% was obtained as a result of pesticide analysis but 2.6% of the pesticides detected exceeded their maximum residue limits. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and maximum permissible intakes (MPIs) of the pesticides detected were less than 26% and 0.05% of their acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) respectively, representing that residue levels of the pesticides detected would be safe.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.33-54
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• 2000

This study intends to examine the distribution channel of the most popular ten species caught in Korean coastal and off-shore fisheries with the aid of interviewing fish brokers and cooperative staffs in fish landing markets. This paper finds and emphasizes the following three suggestions, in order to improve the present scheme of fish distribution system. Firstly, annual catch of 10 kinds of fishes is successively decreasing in quantity from 1994 to 1998. Moreover annual catch shows larger variations than fish price and cooperative sales quantity. Except sea eel and sole, cooperative sales accommodates more than 90% of the fish landed, accounting for the small variation in cooperative sales, which invalidates the effectiveness of the free distribution system adopted by the government. Secondly, diversified distribution channels are exposed according to the nature of the fish, the method to harvest, and the quantity caught. Large retailers such as discount stores, super chains and home shopping institutions are actively involving themselves in direct purchase in fish landing markets. Through the analysis of distribution routes, the general distribution channel of fresh fish has been found such as producers longrightarrow fish brokers in landing markets longrightarrow fish brokers in central wholesale markets longrightarrow wholesalers longrightarrow retailers longrightarrow consumers. In order to reduce distribution margin through the analysis of distribution function and distribution margin, this paper presents a new distribution channel such as producers longrightarrow fish brokers in landing markets longrightarrow wholesalers longrightarrow retailers longrightarrow consumers. Thirdly, to improve the fish landing markets, this paper suggests the M&A of uneconomical fish landing markets or renovating toward wholesalers, introduction of processing services and improvement of processing facilities, subsidizing fish brokers in landing markets, revitalization of marketing divisions in cooperatives and improvement in fish auction system.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• summer
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• pp.671-673
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• 2004

Demand Response Programs (DRP) are critical to the operation of efficient and competitive energy markets. and provide critical market improvements to Independent System Operators (ISO). To all energy market Participants, they Provide savings and cost reductions when end users have the ability to respond to wholesale prices. Now, in the competitive electricity market, DRP is classified by Emergency and Economic DRP to reduce costs and maintain reliability. In this paper, we survey the trend of Demand Response Program over the world and compare the practical performance among the markets in US.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.209-217
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• 2015

Development of food industry and increased city life induced enlarged generation of food waste which is currently reused in a wide range of way. In this study, treatment of food waste generated from the public agricultural product wholesale markets (they are categorized as business places which imposes the duty for reducing the food waste discarded) in Korea was investigated, and subsequently, a scheme for improving the food waste recycling business was suggested. The food waste treatment plants are mainly located in Kyeongki-do at 39.5% of total plants in Korea and the other provinces have less than 10% of the total numbers, among which public treatment plant was 38.0% and private plant was 62.0%. The treatment methods included recycling as animal feed at 47.5%, as compost at 36.4%, and the rest of food waste (12.6%) was treated in other ways. Remarkably, it was noticed that the amount of food waste treated in anaerobic digestion have been increased up to 5.4% since 2011. This implied that food waste treated in anaerobic digestion method is gradually increased according to government policy. Amongst 33 public agricultural product wholesale markets distributed all over the country, the trading volume dealt in Garakdong market in Seoul, Gangseo market in Seoul, Daegu market in Daeju, Eomgung market in Busan, Guri market in Guri accounted for 34.67, 7.47, 6.98, 5.41, and 5.30% of the total trading volume in Korea, respectively. 2.65% of the total trading agricultural products dealt in the markets were remained as food waste and treated. In 2006, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs implemented the package policy for radish and Chinese cabbage in order to reduce the amount of food waste and indeed, food waste generated in Garakdong market declined to one third of the food waste before the package policy implementation. In 2010, the food waste amount treated by 'dehydration', 'discarding as raw materials', and 'drying after dehydration' accounted for 56.3%, 33.7%, and 10.0% of the total food waste generated in the public agricultural product wholesale market. However, in 2013, discarding as raw materials accounted for the most at 56.3% followed by dehydration at 37.5%, and by drying after dehydration at 6.3%. The remarkable increment of the food waste discarded as raw materials was attributed to the increase of them in Garakdong market in Seoul. In general, the agricultural food waste contains high amount of moisture at 88% in average and low amount of salt at 0.02% in average. Therefore, it is highly recommended to treat the agricultural food waste through drying after dehydration in order for improving the treatment capability. Also, this recommendation can be supported by the fact that the end-products via drying after dehydration can be utilized as compost material. Overall, the agricultural food waste recycling business can be developed through integration of the treatment via 'drying after dehydration' and compost production.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-107
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• 2003

Distribution of fish products from Tongyoung Marine ranching can be classified by three routes such as street-stall, live fish transportation vehicles, and wholesale markets neighboring unloading ports. These methods of distribution, however, have been restricted by limited distribution right, difficulties to differentiate fish prices from other surfaces, simple marketing channels. The ratio of cultured live fish circulated in market is increasing while naturally caught live fish is decreasing and the fresh fish shows a little of increasing rate. Consumers purchasing routes mainly depend on the live fish transportation merchants. For fresh fish traditional market plays an important role in trade. Convenience for consumers and quality of products are main factors in making decision of purchases. Bargaining power, however, belongs to the live fish transportation merchants. The demand of special markets for live fish was very strong, and the convenience and quality are relatively important required factors. Catch from Tongyoung Marine ranching has very good reputation as the possibility of being a good brand. Expecting possibility of quality differentiation was higher than price differentiation specially. The possible conclusion of a contract of a supply was suspicious however. Preliminary quality evaluation revealed that the catch is better than the cultured but worse than naturally grown fish. A merchandising is to be in a better position in the formation of prices by giving $\ulcorner$brand image$\lrcorner$ to potential consumers. The target markets are retail stores such as restaurants for raw fish and final consumers. The staple markets are retail stores. Possible items of products are live fish, fresh fish for cook, and fresh fish for raw fish. It is necessary for the catch to be informed as new functional products that have been improved in safety and quality, since the product positioning is similar but not well known to consumers. To secure a brand it is required to register a trademark, eco-label product design or packing, use real name in tranction, introduce recall system, and put label. Price higher than naturally grown live fish should be targeted. Establishing broad distribution channel, wholesale market, franchise are required. To secure enough catch and control shipment of products facilities of containing live fish are necessary. Instead of dealing with live fish only, it would be better to. sell fresh fish and live fish simultaneous. Strategically promotion focuses on advertisement of Marin ranching at first and then focuses on the catch from the marine ranching.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2006

The populations of V. parahaemolyticus were enumerated in oysters collected in wholesale seafood markets in Seoul and tested in various possible condition. The populations of oysters soled in the markets were ranged $<2\sim1.4\times10^6$ MPN/100 g from April to November in 2005. In the case of oysters added with V. parahaemolyticus of $4\times10^3$ CFU/100 g, the highest population numbers were $1.4\times10^7$ CFU/100 g, $5.4\times10^5$ CFU/100 g and $2.7\times10^4$ CFU/100 g at $36^{\circ}C$ after culturing for 15 hours, at $25^{\circ}C$ after 15 hours and at $4^{\circ}C$ after 15 hours, respectively. But the difference of the populations of V. parahaemolticus in oysters stored in the icebox with ice for bulked sale and displayed in stalls on ice for the small packaged sale was not significant. In the case of oysters carried with ambient temperature at $30.8^{\circ}C$, the V. parahaemolyticus density was dramatically increased from $2.7\times10^5$ to $1.4\times10^8$ MPN/100 g. It was indicated it is important to carry the oysters to home with ice after purchase. Even after the washing two times with 21 tap water, the common cooking method in Korea was not greately make the decrease of V. parahaemolyticus density from $1.4\times10^8$ MPN/100 g to $9.0\times10^5$ MPN/100 g. So it is noticed to stored in low temperature after cooking, especially in hot seasons.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-42
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• 1974

Korea is a peninsular country surrounded by seas on three sides, and the fishing industry has carried out the service of suppling to the people with important anima protein. The distribution of fishery products has very complicated structures, because the production is in charge of small producers scattering along the coast all over the country, while consumpstion is made by separate homes in areas away from producing district. The relation between these two factors the structures make very complicated. The most typical and special structures of fishery distridution are distinguished in two, that is, one is landing market, the other is inland market. Landing markets have been monopolized by fishermen's cooperatives, providing with landing facilities and building sites. Fish markets played not only an important role in the landing, but distribution and price determination of catches by auction or tender. Inland markets are two types of wholesale market in consuming center, one is the terminal market for urban consumers, the other type is the local market for rural consumers. Fundamental functions of landing markets are gathering, assessment, and distribution functions. Gathering function is in charge of wholesaler in fishery cooperative. Gathering amounts are equal to gathering capacity of wholesaler and transact ability of licensed dealers as shown below model. Gathering amount=f.gathering capacity(=pre price.landing facility.account of wholesaler.distance of fishing ground.conveniency purchasing.home port)=fㆍ transact ability of licensed dealers≒f.population or port, and table 1 indicates these relationship. Assessment and distribution functions are in charge of licensed dealers in consumption side. Assessment function should bring the value in production activity through the auction between the cooperative seller and the licensed dealer as buyer. For fair trade transaction in auction, the free competition is supposed to be a prerequisite among the licensed dealers. The ideal condition for free competition is sameness in the scale of buying amount by licensed delaers, but it is almost impossible to attain its goal in actual marketing.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.417-440
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• 2004

For the behavior of the wholesale spot price, a regime switching model with time-varying transition probabilities was estimated using the data from the PJM (Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland) market. By including the temperature as an explanatory variable in the transition probability equations, the threshold effect of changing regime is clearly enhanced. And hence the predictability of the price spikes was improved. This means that the model showed a very clear threshold effect, with a low probability of switching for low loads and low temperatures and a high probability for high loads and high temperatures. And temperature showed a clearer threshold effect than load does. This implies that weather-related contracts may help to hedge against the risk in the cost of buying electricity during a summer.