• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2014

This study was conducted to estimate the Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat, as a winter forage crop, was grown on mixed-sowing of legume forage and by applying cattle manure on the productivity and feed value of whole crop wheat during the period of 2012~2013. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three different culture methods such as whole crop wheat and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea. The subplots consisted of four different applications of cattle manure (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha). The annual amount of dry matter (DM) of whole crop wheat in Gyeongju were higher than those of in Gyeongsan and Yeongju, and the mixed-sowing of hairy vetch mixture was the highest (p<0.05) compared with the single-sowing of whole crop wheat and mixed-sowing of legume in Gyeongju. The DM amounts were increased proportionately corresponded to the applying level of cattle manure, and was found to be significantly (p<0.05) high at the level of 100 and 150 kg/ha groups. With the feed value of forage, the crude protein (CP) contents tended to be higher in the mixed-sowing of legume than the single-sowing of whole crop wheat at the wintering experimental sites of legume. For whole crop wheat, total digestible nutrients (TDN) content was the highest in the mixed sowing plots of forage pea in Gyeongsan; however, there was no significant differences among the single-sowing of whole crop wheat. The carrying capacity of Hanwoo (head/ha) was higher (p<0.05) in Gyeongju (3.83 head) than that in Gyeongsan (3.11) and Yeongju (1.35). Further, the carrying capacity in the single-sowing of whole crop wheat was lower than that in the mixed-sowing of legume, and the hairy vetch was the highest among the mixed-sowing groups (p<0.05). Overall, the present results recommend taking into account the wintering for the mix-sowing of legume in Gyeongbuk province. The cattle manure may be applied for legume in the wintering unavailable regions. In addition, applying cattle manure at the level of 100~150 kg/ha and the mix-sowing of legume may increase the productivity per unit area and feed value, including the CP, for improving the carrying capacity of Hanwoo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to obtain information of feed value and fermentative quality of wheat cultivar, 'Taejoong' to confirm availability as a whole crop silage. As a result, the heading date of 'Teajoong' is April 27, and plant height is longer than whole crop barley, 'Youngyang' or whole crop wheat, 'Cheongwoo', spike length are also large, fresh and dry matter yield are also high. In case of feed value, 'Taejoong' had higher crude protein content than whole crop barley, 'Youngyang' or whole crop wheat, 'Cheongwoo', lower NDF and ADF contents, and significantly higher digestible nutrient contents(p<0.05). In case of fermentation qulity, pH of 'Taejoong' was 4.2, and lactic acid content was lower than 'Cheongwoo' silage and significantly higher than 'Youngyang' silage(p<0.05). Acetic acid content was significantly lower than 'Youngyang' and 'Cheongwoo' silage(p<0.01), butyric acid content was significantly lower than that of 'Youngyang' silage (p<0.05). The final Flieg's score showed that 'Taejoong' silage was the best. Also income of 'Taejoong' improved than 'Youngyang' or 'Cheongwoo'. Therefore, 'Taejoong' is considered sufficiently available as whole crop for forage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.282-282
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• 2017

The many factors such as sugar content, moisture, type of bacteria which predominate, buffering capacity, packing and sealing are known to be associated with silage fermentation quality. Among the sugar content are particularly important, because effective silage ensiling relies on the fermentation of sugar content to lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria. Sugar content is also known to affect the protein utilization of rumen. This study was conducted to observe the effect of water soluble carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility of whole crop wheat silage. This experiment was used standard cultivars (Cheongwoo, Hordeum balgare L) and solid breeding line of whole crop wheat. The materials harvested at the 30 after heading day and chopped for making silage, and using this silage carried out in vitro digestibility for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. For the feed value, crude protein, NDF, ADF contents showed slightly higher than the before ensiling and TDN contents were slightly lower compared to the before ensiling, but did not show the significantly different. For the sugar contents, fructose and glucose contents were decreased in the after ensiling compared to the before ensiling, there were more reduced at the containing high sugar content wheat. The pH value was lower at containing high sugar content wheat. lactic acid content was significantly higher at the containing high sugar content wheat. Therefore, there was profitable to the production of high quality wheat silage at the higher the sugar content. In in vitro digestibility test, containing high sugar content HW34line showed significantly higher dry matter digestibility at 6 and 12 hours of incubation and amount of NH3-N lower other line in all incubation time. Therefore, there was profitable to the production of high quality wheat silage at the higher the sugar content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1123-1132
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• 2015

Winter wheat is a suitable crop to be ensiled for animal feed and China has the largest planting area of this crop in the world. During the ensiling process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play the most important role in the fermentation. We investigated the natural population of LAB in whole-crop wheat (WCW) and examined the quality of whole-crop wheat silage (WCWS) with and without LAB inoculants. Two Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum strains, Zhengzhou University 1 (ZZU 1) selected from corn and forage and grass 1 (FG 1) from a commercial inoculant, were used as additives. The silages inoculated with LAB strains (ZZU 1 and FG 1) were better preserved than the control, with lower pH values (3.5 and 3.6, respectively) (p<0.05) and higher contents of lactic acid (37.5 and 34.0 g/kg of fresh matter (FM), respectively) (p<0.05) than the control. Sixty LAB strains were isolated from fresh material and WCWS without any LAB inoculation. These LAB strains were divided into the following four genera and six species based on their phenotypic, biochemical and phylogenetic characteristics: Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Weissella cibaria, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. However, the prevalent LAB, which was predominantly heterofermentative (66.7%), consisted of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Weissella cibaria, and Lactobacillus buchneri. This study revealed that most of isolated LAB strains from control WCWS were heterofermentative and could not grow well at low pH condition; the selective inoculants of Lactobacillus strains, especially ZZU 1, could improve WCWS quality significantly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1991.05a
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• pp.110-111
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• 1991

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of expanding the usage of whole crop silage from beef cattle and dairy cow to hogs and chickens. For this purpose, a crushing device was developed to crush whole crop silage. The crushed silage was sealed, and analyzed for its feed value. The silage varieties used for the experiment included Saessal barley and Geumgang wheat. Whole crop barley and wheat were crushed in the crushing system as a whole without separating stems, leaves, grains, etc.. When the crushed whole crop silages (CWCS) were analyzed, full grain, grains above 10 mm in size, grains 5~10 mm in size, and grains below 5 mm in size accounted for, 20%, 4%, 27%, and 49 %, respectively. In order to facilitate the fermentation of CWCS, inoculated some fermenter into each CWCS sample (barley or wheat). As control, another set of sample was not inoculated. Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose content, total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV) of fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 2.45 %, 1.61%, 8.95%, 16.94%, 9.52%, 1.01%, 8.51%, 81.38%, and 447.5%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV in the other sample of Saessal barley without inoculation of fermenter were 2.57%, 1.62%, 9.61%, 18.25%, 10.13%, 1.10%, 9.04%, 80.90%, and 412.9%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV of fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat sample were 2.43%, 1.27%, 10.99%, 19.49%, 11.23%, 1.46%, 9.77%, 80.03%, and 382.6%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, RFV of the other set sample of Geumgang wheat sample without the inoculation of fermenter were 2.28%, 1.44%, 10.08%, 18.02%, 10.44%, 1.26%, 9.18%, 80.65%, and 416.9%, respectively. The TDN and RFV content in the fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 81.38% and 447.5%, respectively, while the one in the fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat were 80.03% and 382.6% respectively. When the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage without crushing process was compared to the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage made from crushing system, the latter appeared to be higher than the former. This could be due to the process of sealing the crushed silage which might have minimized air content between samples and shortened the golden period of fermentation. In conclusion, these results indicate that a crushing process might be needed to facilitate fermentation and improve the quality of silage when making whole crop silage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.120-120
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• 2020

Based on the simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, a Korean wheat core collection were established with 616 wheat accessions. Among them, the SNP genotyping for the entire genome was performed using DNA chip array to clarify the whole genome SNP profiles. Consequently, a total of 35,143 SNPs were found and we re-established a mini-core collection with 247 accessions. Population diversity and phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic diversity and relationships from the mini core set. In addition, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on 19 phenotypic traits; ear type, awn length, culm length, ear length, awn color, seed coat color, culm color, ear color, loading, leaf length, leaf width, seeding stand, cold damage, weight, auricle, plant type, heading stage, maturation period, upright habit, and degree of flag leaf. The GWAS was performed using the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), which identified 14 to 258 SNP loci related to 19 phenotypic traits. Our study indicates that this Korean wheat mini-core collection is a set of germplasm useful for basic and applied research with the aim of understanding and exploiting the genetic diversity of Korean wheat varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.496-500
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• 1991

To obtain information on the forage yield and quality of barley, wheat and triticale, fresh and dry yields and chemical components of respective local varieties for each species were measured at heading stage, 7th day after heading (DAH), 14th DAH, 21st DAH and yellow ripe stage. Fresh yield of triticale was higher than those of barley and wheat at all stages. The time of optimum forage moisture for silage was 24-31 DAH in barley, 24-35DAH in wheat and 25-34 in triticale, The percentage content of protein and fat of barley were higher than those of wheat and triticale. Optimum cutting time for silage as proposed with the observa. tions that for barley and wheat it was at 23DAH, and for triticale at 24DAH. In relation to the optimum transplanting time of rice, barley was considered the most suitable species for whole crop silage in the central region of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal harvesting time, feed value and fermentation quality of barley and wheat for the making of chopped whole crop silage substitute for formula feed. As a result, the moisture content of barley and wheat decreased with a late harvest, and barley progressed faster than wheat. The plant height was similar with harvesting time, and the number of spikes decreased with prolonged period after heading. The dry matter yield and TDN yield of barley harvested at 35 and 40 days after heading were significantly higher than those at 30 days after heading and wheat was significantly higher at 40 and 45 days than at 35 day after heading(p<0.05). Crude protein content of barley and wheat were increased with later harvesting time, and crude fiber, crude fat and crude ash were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. NDF and ADF content of barley decreased with later harvesting time, and those showed similar level in wheat. TDN content of barely was slightly increased but there was no difference in wheat. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of chopped whole crop silage, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of barley silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content(p<0.05). A pH value of wheat silage showed similar level in different harvest time, and lactic acid content was decreased. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for making chopped silage of whole crop silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40~45 days after heading, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.207-217
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate organic Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop wheat and triticale as winter forage crops were grown on different applying sources (no fertilizer, organic fertilizer or cattle slurry), and mixed sowing in combination with hairy vetch and forage pea at the level of 50% cattle slurry application during the period of 2009~2011. The experimental plots were consisted of 5 treatments. Each treatment was triplicates and allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop wheat, annual mean dry matter (DM) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and crude protein (CP) yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher for forage pea and hairy vetch-mixed sowing treatments than for no fertilizer and organic ferilizer treatments. Mean CP, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and relative feed value (RFV) contents of legumes-mixed sowing treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. As diets replaced with 70% whole crop wheat were provided for 450kg of Hanwoo heifers, legumes-mixed sowing treatments could raise more heifers than organic fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. For triticale, annual mean DM, CP and TDN yields were significantly (P<0.05) higher for fertilizer application treatments than for no fertilizer treatment, and CP content of legumes-mixed sowing and cattle slurry application treatments was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of other treatments. When 450kg of Hanwoo heifers were fed on diets replaced with 70% triticale, it was estimated that legumes-mixed sowing treatments at the level of 50% cattle slurry application could rear average 3.3~3.4 heads/ha/year, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than no fertilizer treatment (2.5 heads/ha/year). It was indicated that DM yields of whole crop wheat and triticale were much more effective in cattle slurry application than organic fertilizer, and Legumes-mixed sowing at the level of 50% cattle slurry application rather than whole crop wheat or triticale alone increased yields per unit area and nutritional value such as CP content. In conclusion, it is conceived that whole crop wheat or triticale produced in the manner above can be used instead of grains imported as dietary protein sources in the organic Hanwoo feeding regimen.