• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.247-252
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• 2010

This study was carried out between 2008 and 2009 in four dairy farms to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Holstein heifers. Two diets, mixed hay or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 6-month old Holstein heifers (=37). In control group (=CON), heifers (n=16) were fed 6 kg (/head) mixed hay and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBS), heifers (n=21) were fed 10 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage, 4 kg (/head) mixed hay and 2 kg (/head) commercial diet. To manage body weight gain, the body condition score of heifers were measured every month. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Body weight in CON and WBS heifers at 13-, 14-, 15- and 17-month old were $340{\pm}17.9$ and $342{\pm}13.6\;kg$, $356{\pm}15.7$ and $366{\pm}14.7\;kg$, $382{\pm}13.1$ and $387{\pm}14.4\;kg$, and $429{\pm}15.0$ and $417{\pm}10.3\;kg$, respectively. 2. Body condition score in CON and WBS heifers at 9-, 12-, 15- and 17-month old were $2.88{\pm}0.04$ and $2.80{\pm}0.04$, $2.88{\pm}0.04$ and $2.80{\pm}0.04$, $2.89{\pm}0.08$ and $3.00{\pm}0.07$, and $2.89{\pm}0.08$ and $3.00{\pm}0.07$, respectively. 3. Average age of sexual maturity in CON and WBS heifers were $437.3{\pm}9.9$days and $939.6{\pm}12.5$days, WBS group heifers were significantly shorter (p<0.05) than CON group heifers. 4. First-service conception rates in CON or WBS group were 81.3% (13/16) and 66.7% (14121), respectively, and cumulative conception rate to 2nd artificial insemination were 87.5% for CON and 85.7% for WBS group. Conception rate was not different between treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of expanding the usage of whole crop silage from beef cattle and dairy cow to hogs and chickens. For this purpose, a crushing device was developed to crush whole crop silage. The crushed silage was sealed, and analyzed for its feed value. The silage varieties used for the experiment included Saessal barley and Geumgang wheat. Whole crop barley and wheat were crushed in the crushing system as a whole without separating stems, leaves, grains, etc.. When the crushed whole crop silages (CWCS) were analyzed, full grain, grains above 10 mm in size, grains 5~10 mm in size, and grains below 5 mm in size accounted for, 20%, 4%, 27%, and 49 %, respectively. In order to facilitate the fermentation of CWCS, inoculated some fermenter into each CWCS sample (barley or wheat). As control, another set of sample was not inoculated. Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose content, total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV) of fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 2.45 %, 1.61%, 8.95%, 16.94%, 9.52%, 1.01%, 8.51%, 81.38%, and 447.5%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV in the other sample of Saessal barley without inoculation of fermenter were 2.57%, 1.62%, 9.61%, 18.25%, 10.13%, 1.10%, 9.04%, 80.90%, and 412.9%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV of fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat sample were 2.43%, 1.27%, 10.99%, 19.49%, 11.23%, 1.46%, 9.77%, 80.03%, and 382.6%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, RFV of the other set sample of Geumgang wheat sample without the inoculation of fermenter were 2.28%, 1.44%, 10.08%, 18.02%, 10.44%, 1.26%, 9.18%, 80.65%, and 416.9%, respectively. The TDN and RFV content in the fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 81.38% and 447.5%, respectively, while the one in the fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat were 80.03% and 382.6% respectively. When the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage without crushing process was compared to the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage made from crushing system, the latter appeared to be higher than the former. This could be due to the process of sealing the crushed silage which might have minimized air content between samples and shortened the golden period of fermentation. In conclusion, these results indicate that a crushing process might be needed to facilitate fermentation and improve the quality of silage when making whole crop silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2003

A series of three separate experiments was contucted to investigate the effect of working time quality and animal palatability of barley whole crop silage by trench and round bale in paddy field of Central and Northern region from 1999 to 2001. Dry matter yield of trench and round bale silage was 12,562 and 12,555 MT per ha, respectively. Quality and animal palatability of silage by trench was slightly higher than those by round bale. Work time of trench silage and bale silage per ha were 4.9 and 5.7 time. Silage making areas by trench and round bale were 4 and 3ha per day, respectively, The results demonstrated that silage making by round bale was good for production cost over 7 working days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09b
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1274-1280
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the effects of microbial and chemical combo additives on nutritive values, fermentation indices and aerobic stability of whole crop barley silage. Barley forage (Youngyang) was harvested at about 30% dry matter (DM) by treatments, chopped to 5 cm length and treated with distilled water only (CON), Lactobacillus plantarum (INO), propionic acid (PRO) or an equal mixture of INO and PRO (MIX). Barley forages were ensiled in 4 replications for 0, 2, 7, and 100 days. On 100 days of ensiling, MIX silage had higher (p<0.05) in vitro DM digestibility than CON silage, but lower (p<0.05) acid detergent fiber concentration. The pH in all treated silages was lower (p<0.05) than CON silage. The MIX silage had higher (p<0.05) lactate concentration and lactate to acetate ratio than in CON, but lower (p<0.05) yeast count. Aerobic stability in CON, PRO, and MIX silages were higher (p<0.05) than in INO silage. It is concluded that microbial and chemical combo additives using L. plantarum and propionic acid could efficiently improve nutritive values of barley silage in terms of increased in vitro DM digestibility compared to other treatments. In addition, all treatments except CON reduced yeast count which is the initiate microorganism of aerobic spoilage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 1996

The quality of silages, made from whole crop barley, rye, spring oat, Italian ryeglass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures, were evaluated under two different conservation techniques in baled silage making (BS) and conventional silages(CS). Crops materials were harvested at the stage of the greatest dry matter accumulation(hard dough for barley, soft dough for rye and oat, late bloom for Italian ryegrass and others pasture species), and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber weighted by 25~30kg in dry matter basis. Each bales were wrapped with 0.05mm thick polyethylen plastic film and stored six months long in stack silos. Barley, rye, oat and Italian ryegrass including of pasture crops produced higher quality silages in the baled silage making, due to better organic acid fermentation and lower nutrient losses during the period of storage than those in the conventional silages. TDN contents of barley silages were 65.3% in BS and 63.7% in CS, NEL value of barley silages was improved hum 6.48MJ(CS) to 6.61MJ/kg(BS) in dry matter basis. Silage quality of rye, oat and pasture crops were also improved markedly in the baled silage utilization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2013

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages and feedstuff. This study was carried out to explore the accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the prediction of chemical parameters of fresh whole crop barley silages. A representative population of 284 fresh whole crop barley silages was used as a database for studying the possibilities of NIRS to predict chemical composition. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680~2,500 nm and the optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and were scanned in fresh condition. NIRS calibrations were developed by means of partial least-squares (PLS) regression. NIRS analysis of fresh whole crop barley silages provided accurate predictions of moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP) and pH, as well as lactic acid content with correlation coefficients of cross-validation ($R^2cv$) of 0.96, 0.81, 0.79, 0.84, 0.72 and 0.78, respectively, and standard error of cross-validation (SECV) of 1.26, 2.83, 2.18, 1.19, 0.13 and 0.32% DM, respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of the NIRS method to predict the chemical parameters of fresh whole crop barley silages as a routine analysis method in feeding value evaluation and for farmer advice.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal harvesting time, feed value and fermentation quality of barley and wheat for the making of chopped whole crop silage substitute for formula feed. As a result, the moisture content of barley and wheat decreased with a late harvest, and barley progressed faster than wheat. The plant height was similar with harvesting time, and the number of spikes decreased with prolonged period after heading. The dry matter yield and TDN yield of barley harvested at 35 and 40 days after heading were significantly higher than those at 30 days after heading and wheat was significantly higher at 40 and 45 days than at 35 day after heading(p<0.05). Crude protein content of barley and wheat were increased with later harvesting time, and crude fiber, crude fat and crude ash were slightly decreased, but not statistically significant. NDF and ADF content of barley decreased with later harvesting time, and those showed similar level in wheat. TDN content of barely was slightly increased but there was no difference in wheat. Comparing the effects of fermentation on feed value of chopped whole crop silage, the approximate compositions were slightly increased after fermentation, but the difference was not significant. Fermentations resulted in increasing the pH value of barley silage with late harvesting time, but decreasing the lactic acid content(p<0.05). A pH value of wheat silage showed similar level in different harvest time, and lactic acid content was decreased. Considering the quantity and quality of fermentation, barley and wheat can be used for making chopped silage of whole crop silage when they were harvested at 35 days and 40~45 days after heading, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to obtain information of feed value and fermentative quality of wheat cultivar, 'Taejoong' to confirm availability as a whole crop silage. As a result, the heading date of 'Teajoong' is April 27, and plant height is longer than whole crop barley, 'Youngyang' or whole crop wheat, 'Cheongwoo', spike length are also large, fresh and dry matter yield are also high. In case of feed value, 'Taejoong' had higher crude protein content than whole crop barley, 'Youngyang' or whole crop wheat, 'Cheongwoo', lower NDF and ADF contents, and significantly higher digestible nutrient contents(p<0.05). In case of fermentation qulity, pH of 'Taejoong' was 4.2, and lactic acid content was lower than 'Cheongwoo' silage and significantly higher than 'Youngyang' silage(p<0.05). Acetic acid content was significantly lower than 'Youngyang' and 'Cheongwoo' silage(p<0.01), butyric acid content was significantly lower than that of 'Youngyang' silage (p<0.05). The final Flieg's score showed that 'Taejoong' silage was the best. Also income of 'Taejoong' improved than 'Youngyang' or 'Cheongwoo'. Therefore, 'Taejoong' is considered sufficiently available as whole crop for forage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.