• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was on the pharmaceutical components in purified ginseng total saponin (GTS), coisis semen (CS), the combination of these drugs, and the major component of coicis coixol for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Methods: In this study, to evaluate the effect on the suppression of obesity, high fat diet-induced obese rats were treating with the drugs, the effects on the balance of energy and diet activity were examined, and the change of weight, the change of the intake of diet, body fat rate, etc. were assessed. Results: The results demonstrate that in high fat diet-induced obese white rats, the combination treatment of ginseng total saponin and coicis was effective in suppression of weight gain, reduction of intake of food, and reduction of body fat. Conclusions: The results suggest that a combination treatment with major components of red ginseng total saponin and coicis may be used therapeutically for the suppression and treatment of obesity.

• 센서학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2022

Photosynthetically active radiation flux density (PPFD) and daily light integral (DLI) values related to plant photosynthesis were obtained using the sunlight time and insolation data points in the agricultural weather sensor data for Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea from 2016 to 2020. The objective was to optimize the photo-environmental conditions for cultivating ginseng. The range of average monthly sunshine duration was 395.5-664.1 min, with the longest duration observed in June. The range of average annual accumulated daily insolation was 11.98-17.65 MJ·m^-2. The range of average daily external DLI calculated from the insolation and solar time data was 22.3-36.1 mol·m^-2·d^-1, and the annual cumulative DLI was 8,156-13,175 mol·m^-2·d^-1. Both the insolation and DLI values were the highest in 2016 and lowest in 2020. Based on the PPFD required for ginseng growth (111-185 µmol·m^-2·s^-1), the monthly average daily DLI and monthly cumulative DLI were 3.51-5.87 and 82-228 mol·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. The range of five-year average value for the external monthly cumulative DLI was 298-1,459 mol·m^-2·d^-1, and the monthly cumulative DLI values when a black double shading film and blue-white shading film were applied were 101-496 and 36-175 mol·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. A comparative analysis of DLI values indicated that shading was required to ginseng growth throughout the year under natural light. When the black double shading film was used, shading was required from March to October. When the blue-white shading film was applied from April to August, (i.e., the period with active ginseng growth) the appropriate DLI for ginseng growth could be continuously maintained. Regional weather differences due to climate change are gradually increasing, and even in one region, monthly and cumulative DLI values are different every year. Therefore, in order to implement a precise agricultural environment for ginseng cultivation, precise analysis and continuous research using agricultural weather sensor big data is required.

• 생약학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2006

Processing of traditional herbal medicine is one of the pharmaceutical technique in oriental medicine. Most frequently used processing method in oriental medicine are roasting and steaming. In this studies, to elucidate the pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicine by means of processing them, Ginseng Radix (root of Panax ginseng, Araliaceae) was used as a sample. Processed ginseng radix (SGR, Sun Ginseng) was prepared by steaming of roots of white ginseng (GR) for 3 hours at $120^{\circ}C$. The biological activities of methanol extract of GR and SGR were investigated. According to DPPH radical scavenging effects, and inhibitory effects of xanthine oxidase and AAPH induced hemolysis, PGR exhibited more effective than those of GR in vitro. And, the antifatigue effect of GR and SGR were investigated using a weight-loading forced swimming test by monitoring swimming times and prolonged intensity exercise model rats by measuring blood biochemical parameters. GR and SGR were significantly prolonged swimming times in 8% body weight ratio loaded mice. Also, they had the inhibitory effects on the decrease of blood glucose levels, the elevation of serum creatinine, lactic acid and free fatty acid, and lactic dehydrogenase activities in forces swimming rats with 1% of the body weight attached to the neck for 3 hours. SGR was more excellent than GR on these effect. Also, these effects were transformed to the n-butanol fraction of methanol extract of SGR. From these results, it can be considered that SGR has antifatigue effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 1997

The effects of light on the pigment production and chloroplast development were examined on ginseng hairy roots cultured in 1/2MS liquid medium. The chlorophyll and carotenoid production were increased from 1,000 to 3,500 lux condition, but decreased drastically in 7,000 lux condition. The anthocyanin production was significantly increased with increment light intensity(1,000∼7,000 lux). The thylakoid membrane of chloroplast was proplastid in dark condition and it began to develop into thylakoid membrane in 1,000 lux condition and then intact thylakoid membrane was developed in 3,500 lux condition. However, the development of thylakoid membrane in 7,000 lux condition was inhibited comparing to 3,500 lux condition. The total chlorophyll production in blue light condition were high comparing to other wavelength and same as 40% of total chlorophyll on white light(3,500 lux) condition. The chlorophyll and carotenoid production by sucrose concentration were high in 3% sucrose condition and anthocyanin production was high in 4% condition. The production of chlorophyll and carotenoid by light periods was high when explants were cultured in dark condition for 1 week and then transferred to light condition for 4 weeks. Our results suggest that pigment production and chloroplast development could be accelerated by light Intensity of specific wavelength in cultures of ginseng hairy root.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.253-256
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to develop a new process to manufacture ginseng extract containing saponin aglycon of high concentration. The process to transform saponin glycosides to saponin aglycon was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GCK-1 (open cultured mixture for 1 day at $42^{\circ}C$) had the highest content of protopanaxadiol (0.662%). However, other mixtures (GCK-2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) had less than 0.152% in the content of protopanaxadiol. In case of fermentation by inoculation of Bacillus natto, BNG-5 (B. natto inoculated mixture for 5 days at $42^{\circ}C$) showed the highest content of protopanaxadiol (0.364%). Other mixtures (BNG-1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) also showed the high content of more than 0.2% in protopanaxadiol. B. natto inoculation or open culture fermentation with soybean transformed ginseng saponin glycosides into saponin aglycon.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2019

Background: Oxidative stress induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important causative roles in various pathological conditions. Black ginseng (BG), a type of steam-processed ginseng, has drawn significant attention due to its biological activity, and is more potent than white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG). Methods: We evaluated the protective effects of BG extract (BGE) against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, in comparison with WG extract (WGE) and RG extract (RGE) in a cell culture model. Ethanolic extracts of WG, RG, and BG were used to evaluate ginsenoside profiles, total polyphenols, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Using AML-12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$, the protective effects of WGE, RGE, and BGE on cellular redox status, DNA, protein, lipid damage, and apoptosis levels were investigated. Results: BGE exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant potential, as well as total flavonoid and polyphenol contents. ATP levels were significantly higher in BGE-treated cells than in control; ROS generation and glutathione disulfide levels were lower but glutathione (GSH) and NADPH levels were higher in BGE-treated cells than in other groups. Pretreatment with BGE inhibited apoptosis and therefore protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damage, probably through ROS scavenging. Conclusion: Collectively, our results demonstrate that BGE protects AML-12 cells from oxidative stress-induced cellular damages more effectively than WGE or RGE, through ROS scavenging, maintenance of redox status, and activation of the antioxidant defense system.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2004

방사선이 조사된 생쥐 간에서 백삼 및 발효인삼 추출물이 지질과산화, 단백질 함량변화에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는 가에 대한 실험을 하였다. 6 Mev Linac X선이 조사된 간에 대한 방사선 방호효과를 연구하기 위해서 실험동물을 생쥐 5마리를 1군으로 하여 대조군(Co), 방사선조사군(Rad), WGE+Rad투여군, FG+Rad투여군 등 총 4개 군으로 분류하였으며 생쥐를 도살 16시간 전에 절식시킨 후 각 실험군을 경추탈구로 희생시킨 후 분석시료로 사용하였다. 분석시료를 이용하여 각각 2주간 동안의 실험을 한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 방사선조사군(Rad)에서는 대조군(Co) 대비 MDA함량은 4시간, 1일, 7일째, 14일째 모두 대조군에 비해 유의성(p<0.01)있게 증가하였다. 반면에 백삼(50 mg/kg/day)과 발효인삼 추출물(500 mg/kg/day)을 방사선 조사전 투여한 실험군에서 각각 방사선조사군(Rad)대비 백삼과 발효인삼추출물 투여군(WG+Rad, FG+Rad)은 1일째 WG+Rad투여군을 제외하고 4시간째, 7일째, 14일째에서 유의성 있게 함량이 감소하였다. 이는 SOD, CAT, GPX, Peroxidase의 항산화효소와 내인성 항산화 물질을 인삼추출물이 활성화시킴으로서 가능하다고 사료되며 발효인삼은 모든 실험군에서 MDA함량을 감소시켜 지질과산화의 억제작용이 있었음을 알 수가 있었다. 2. 방사선조사군(Rad)에서 단백질 함량은 대조군에 비해 4시간, 1일, 7일째 계속 증가하고 특히,14일째 대조군에 비해 유의성(p<0.01)있게 증가하였다. 반면에 방사선조사군(Rad)대비 백삼과 발효인삼추출물 투여군(WG+Rad, FG+Rad)은 4시간째, 1일째에서 FG+Rad투여군이 약간 증가하고 WG+Rad는 거의 함량이 비슷하였으며 7일째, 14일째에서 유의성(p<0.05)있게 함량이 FG+Rad투여군에서 감소하였고 WG+Rad는 거의 함량이 비슷하였다. 이는 방사선 조사에 대한 백삼과 발효인삼추출물이 회복현상을 나타냄을 알 수 가 있다. 본 실험결과로 볼 때 백삼과 발효인삼추출물은 방사선조사에 의해서 생긴 간세포의 장해에 대한 방호효과가 있었으며 이는 인삼추출물의 성분이 항산화효소(SOD, catalase)의 활성도증가와 MDA함량의 감소 및 단백질 함량의 회복을 가져와 결과적으로 방사선 방호효과가 있었음을 알 수가 있었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.367-371
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• 2005

인삼 속에 다량으로 함유되어 있는 다당체 성분인 진산에 대한 효능이 연구되고 있는 시점에서 산업적으로 이용할 수 있는 대량 추출공정을 위한 추출조건을 분석하였다. 인삼의 종류는 홍삼(5년근)이 $32\%$로 총당의 함량이 가장 높았으며 금산 수삼(5년근)은 $31\%$로 $1\%$ 정도 조금 적게 나타났다. 그러나 홍삼 제조 공정에 따른 효율을 비교해 본 결과 금산 수삼(5년근)과 별 차이가 없어 금산 수삼을 사용하였다. 수삼부위 중 주근, 최적온도 $80^{\circ}C$, 최적 추출시간 6시간 추출 시 총당의 추출 효율이 가장 높았다. 또한 총당의 추출효율을 높이기 위해 인삼 추출물에 protease, ${\alpha}-amylase$, cellulase 효소 처리했을 때 추출 효율이 $20\%$까지 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 인삼 추출액에 주정 알콜농도 $70\%$, 동결건조 방법이 총당 회수율이 높았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.458-463
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• 2009

본 연구는 백삼 추출액의 사포닌 함량을 높이고 품질과 관련된 특성을 증진 시킬수 있는 최적 추출 시간 및 온도를 밝히기 위하여 실시되었다. 백삼의 물 추출액의 총 ginsenosides 함량은 $75^{\circ}C$에서 18시간 추출액 8.32 mg/10ml, $85^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 추출액 5.93 mg/10 ml, $95^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 추출액 4.92 mg/10 ml으로 최고의 함량을 나타냈다. 항당뇨 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside $Rb_2$와 Re을 합한 최고 함량은 $75^{\circ}C$에서 18시간 추출액 1.76 mg/10 ml, $85^{\circ}C$ 6시간 추출액 1.34 mg/10 ml, $95^{\circ}C$ 6시간 추출액 0.56 mg/10 ml이었으며, 항암 작용을 나타내는 $Rg_3$의 함량은 $75^{\circ}C$에서 36시간 추출액 1.67 mg/10 ml, $85^{\circ}C$에서 36시간 추출액 3.13 mg/10 ml, $95^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 추출액이 3.56 mg/10 ml이었다. 추출온도와 시간에 따른 이화학성의 변화는 추출온도가 높을수록, 추출시간이 길어질수록 pH는 낮아 졌으나 환원당, 탁도, 당도는 증가하였다. 따라서 백삼추출액을 제조할때 1차 추출에서는 사포닌 최고 함량 추출 온도와 시간으로 추출한 다음 다시 온도를 높게 2차 추출 하여 맛을 증진시켜 혼합하는 방법이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.