Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7783/KJMCS.2012.20.1.027

Changes of Ginsenosides and Color from Black Ginsengs Prepared by Steaming-Drying Cycles  

Nam, Ki-Yeul (College of Agricultural & Life Science, Chungnam National University)
Lee, Nu-Ri (College of Agricultural & Life Science, Chungnam National University)
Moon, Byung-Doo (Korea Bio Red Ginseng Co., Ltd.)
Song, Gyu-Yong (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University)
Shin, Ho-Sang (Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University)
Choi, Jae-Eul (College of Agricultural & Life Science, Chungnam National University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science / v.20, no.1, 2012 , pp. 27-35 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate changes in composition of ginsenosides and color of processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times. Processed ginsengs were prepared from white ginseng with skin by 9-time repeated steaming at $96^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours and followed by hot air-drying at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powders. Crude saponin contents and ginsenosides compositions in processed ginsengs prepared by different steaming-drying times were investigated using the HPLC method, respecively. Crude saponin contents according to increasing steaming-drying times decreased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Rf, Re, $RG_1$, Re were decreased with increase in steamimg times, but those of $Rh_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ were increased after especially 3 times of steaming processes. Interestingly, in black ginseng were prepared by 9 times steaming processes, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was 8.20 mg/g, approximately 18 times higher than that (0.46 mg/g) in red ginseng. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatiol group (PD/PT) were increased from 1.9 to 8.4 due to increasing times of steamming process.
Keywords
Ginseng; Black ginseng; Ginsenosides; $Rg_3$; Steaming Times; Ginseng Color;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 10  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Sun BS, Gu LJ, Fang ZM, Yang CY, Wang Z and Sung CK. (2009). Determination of 11 ginsenosides in black ginseng developed from Panax ginseng by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Science and Biotechnology. 18:561-564.
2 Tachikawa E, Kudo K, Nunokawa M, Kashimoto T, Takahashi E and Kitagawa S. (2001). Characterization of ginseng saponin ginsenoside-$Rg_{3}$ inhibition of catecholamine secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochemical Pharmacolog. 62:943-951.   DOI
3 Tian J, Fu F, Geng M, Jiang Y, Yang J, Jiang W, Wang C and Liu K. (2005). Neuroprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ on cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurosciece Letter. 374:92-97.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Xu TM, Cui MH, Xin Y, Gu LP, Jiang X, Su MM, Wang DD and Wang WJ. (2008). Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ on ovarian cancer metastasis. Chinese Medical Journal. 121:1394- 1397.
5 Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sata K, Saiki I, Tono- Oka S, Samukawa K and Azuma I. (1995). Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$, 20 (R)-, and 20 (S)-ginsenoside-$Rg_{3}$, of red ginseng. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 18:1197-1202.   DOI
6 Park JD and Kim DS. (1996). Effects of ginseng saponin on modulation of multidrug resistance. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 19:213-218.   DOI
7 Nah SY, Unteutsch A, Bunzow JR, Cook SP, Beacham DW and Grandy DK. (1997). Mu and delta opioids but not kappa opioid inhibit voltage-activated Ba2+ currents in neuronal F-11 cell. Brain Research. 766:66-71.   DOI
8 Nam KY. (1996). Choishin korea insam(Component and Efficacy). Chonil Press. Daejeon, Korea. p.13-57.
9 Nam KY. (2005). The comparative understanding between red ginseng and white ginsengs processed ginsengs. Journal of Ginseng Research. 29:1-18.   DOI
10 Park MW, Ha JH and Chung SH. (2008). 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and activates AMPK. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31:748-751.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Samukawa K, Mattsuda H and Kubo M. (1992). Inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation of red ginseng. -effects of ginsenosides on pulmonary thromboenbolism. The Ginseng Review. 14:57- 61.
12 Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA and Vuksan V. (2003). Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57:243-248.   DOI
13 Sievenpiper JL, Sung MK, Buono MD, Lee KS, Nam KY, Arnason JT, Leiter LA and Vuksan V. (2006). Korean red ginseng rootlets decrease acute postprandial glycemia: results from sequential preparation- and dose-finding studies. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 25:100-107.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Lee SJ, Maharjan S, Kim KJ , Kim NJ, Choi HJ , Kwon YG and Suh YG. (2010). Cholesterol-derived novel anti-apoptotic agents on the structural basis of ginsenoside $Rk_{1}$. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 20:7102-7105.   DOI
15 Lee JG, Lee YY, Kim SY, Pyo JS, Yun-Choi HS and Park JH. (2009). Anti-tumor activity of the ginsenoside $Rk_{1}$ in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of apoptosis. Pharmazie. 64:602-604.
16 Lee JH, Shen GN, Kim EK, Shin HJ, Myung CS, Oh HJ, Kim DH, Roh SS, Cho W, Seo YB, Park YJ, Kang CW and Song GY. (2006). Preparation of black ginseng and its antitumor activity. Journal of Korean Oriental Physiology and Pathology. 20:951-956.   과학기술학회마을
17 Lee MR, Yun BS, Liu L, Zhang DL, Wang Z, Wang CL, Gu LJ, Wang CY, Mo EK and Sung CK. (2010). Effect of black ginseng on memory improvement in the amnesic mice induced by scopolamine. Journal of Ginseng Research. 34:51-58.   DOI
18 Lee SR, Yon JM, Kim MR, Baek IJ, Park CG, Lee BJ, Yun YW and Nam SY. (2007). Effect of black ginseng against ethanol-induced embryotoxicity in mice. Food Industry and Nutrition. 12:5-6.
19 Lee X, Kang SJ, Han JS, Kim JS and Choi JE. (2010). Comparison of growth increment and ginsenoside content in different parts of ginseng cultivated by direct seedling and transplanting. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 18:70-73.
20 Liu TG, Huang Y, Cui DD, Huang XB, Mao SH, Ji LL, Song HB and Yi C. (2009). Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ combined with gemcitabine on angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer in mice. Biomed Central Cancer. 9:1471-2407.
21 Kim YC, Hong HD, Rho JH, Cho CW, Rhee YK and Yim JH. (2007). Changes of phenolic acid contents and radical scavenging activities of ginseng according to steaming times. Journal of Ginseng Research. 31:230-236.   DOI
22 Matsuda H, Kubo T and Kubo M. (2000). Chemical changes of ginsenoside $-Rb_{1}$ in stomath and improving effects of its product, 20(S)-ginsenoside-$Rg_{3}$ on a peripheral circulation disorder. The Ginseng Review. 28:12-15.
23 Kim SN and Kang SJ. (2009). Effect of black ginseng (9 timessteaming ginsengs) on hypoglycemic action and changes in the composition of ginsenosides on the steaming process. Journal of Korea Food Science Technology. 41:77-81.
24 Kim TW, Choi HJ, Kim NJ and Kim DH. (2009). Anxiolyticlike effects of ginsenosides $Rg_{3}$ and $Rh_{2}$ from red ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model. Planta Medica. 75:836-839.   DOI
25 Kim YC, Kim SR, Markelonis GJ and Oh TH. (1998). Ginsenosides $Rb_{1}$ and $Rg_{3}$ protect cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 53:426-432.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Kim YJ, Kwon HC, Ko H, Park JH, Kim HY, Yoo JH and Yang HO. (2008). Anti-tumor activity of the ginsenoside $Rk_{1}$ in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of telomerase activity and induction of apoptosis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 31:826-830.   DOI
27 Kitagawa I, Taniyama T, Shibuya H, Noda T and Yoshikawa M. (1987). Chemical studies on crude drug processing. V. on the constituents of ginseng radix rubra (2): Comparison of the constituents of white ginseng and red ginseng prepared from the same Panax ginseng root. Yakugaku Zasshi. 107:495-505.
28 KFDA. (2010). Korean Food Standard Codex. Korea Food and Drug Administration. 10:48-51.
29 Hong HD, Kim YC, Rho JH, Kim KT and Lee YC. (2007). Changes on physiological properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer during repeated steaming process. Journal of Ginseng Research. 31:221-229.
30 Kulkarmi MC and Anderson MW. (1984). Persistence of benzo(a)pyrene metabolite: DNA adducts in lung and liver of mice. Cancer Research. 44:97-101.
31 Hwang JT, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Sung MJ, Kim HY, Kim MS and Kwon DY. (2009). Antiobesity effect of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ involves the AMPK and PPAR-$\gamma$ signal pathways. Phytotherapy Research. 23:262-266.   DOI
32 Jay HL, Wiliam JB, Franco B, Robert F, Charles RG, Michael K, Dietrich S and Giuseppe V. (1984). Patterns of lung cancer risk according to type of cigarette smoked. International Journal of Cancer. 33:569-576.   DOI
33 Jo EJ, Kang SJ and Kim AJ. (2009). Effects of steam- and dryprocessing temperatures on the benzo(a)pyrene content of black and red ginseng. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 22:199-204
34 Kim EK, Lee JH, Cho SH, Shen GN, Jin LG, Myung CS, Oh HJ, Kim DH, Yun JD, Roh SS, Park YJ, Seo YB and Song GY. (2008). Preparation of black Panax ginseng by new methods and its antitumor activity. Journal of Korean Herbology. 23:85-92.   과학기술학회마을
35 Kim HJ, Lee JY, You BR, Kim HR, Choi JE, Nam KY, Moon BD and Kim MR. (2011). Antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from black ginseng prepared by steaming-drying cycles. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 40:156-162.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
36 Kim JH, Cho SY, Lee JH, Jeong SM, Yoon IS, Lee BH, Lee JH, Pyo MK, Lee SM, Chung JM, Kim S, Rhim H, Oh JW and Nah SY. (2007). Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside $Rg_{3}$ against homocysteine-induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Brain Research. 1136:190-199.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Han ST, Whang WK, Kim IH, Yang BW, Cho SH and Ko SK. (2005). Analysis of ginsenosides of black ginseng. Yakhak Hoeji. 49:490-494.   과학기술학회마을
38 Kim ND. (2008). Ginsenosides-mediated vascular relaxation and its molecular mechanisms. Journal of Ginseng Research. 32:89-98.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Choi JE, Nam KY, Li XG, Kim BY, Cho HS and Hwang KB. (2010). Changes of chemical compositions and ginsenoside contents of different root parts of ginsengs with processing method. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 18:118- 125.   과학기술학회마을