• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.17-35
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the different consumption patterns of fashion products according to the demographic characteristics and religious variables of Muslim women in Indonesia. The research method consisted of a questionnaire, which surveyed Muslim women in Indonesia, whose ages ranged from teens to 40s. The final questionnaire made use of 301 responses, and the analysis methods included 𝛘²-testing, factor analysis, and ANOVA. The results of this survey are as follows: For differences in average monthly clothing purchase costs, there were significant differences according to age, monthly income, final education, and whether or not the respondent wore a hijab, but there was also significant difference according to marital status and religious faithfulness. Muslim women's clothing purchasing factors were practicality, visibility, fit-to-wear, and design. In terms of the differences in factors which were considered when purchasing clothing, they depended on whether or not the respondent was married, practicality and visibility according to age, visibility according to final education, and religious faithfulness. There were significant differences in practicality and visibility, but not according to monthly income. When accounting for the differences in the places where Muslim women bought fashion products, there were significant differences according to marital status and age. In terms of the differences in reasons for choosing a place of purchase, there were significant differences according to age, monthly income, final education, and the degree of hijab wearing.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.8
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• 2021

The most important characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission that makes it difficult to control are 1) asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission, 2) low incidence or lack of dominant systemic symptoms such as fever, 3) airborne transmission that may need a high infectious dose, and 4) super-spread events (SSEs). Patients with COVID-19 have high viral loads at symptom onset or even a few days prior to symptom onset, and most patients with COVID-19 have only mild respiratory symptoms or merely pauci-/null-symptoms. These characteristics of the virus enable it to easily spread to the community because most patients are unaware of their potential infectivity, and symptom-based control measures cannot prevent this type of transmission. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also capable of airborne transmission in conditions such as aerosol-generating procedures, under-ventilated indoor spaces, and over-crowded areas. In this context, universal mask-wearing is important to prevent both outward and inward transmission until an adequate degree of herd immunity is achieved through vaccination. Lastly, the SSEs of SARS-CoV-2 transmission emphasize the importance of reducing contacts by limiting social gatherings. The above-mentioned transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 have culminated in the failure of long-lasting quarantine measures, and indicate that only highly effective vaccines can keep the communities safe from this deadly, multifaceted virus.

• Journal of the Health Care and Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.165-172
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• 2023

This study involved 220 dental hygiene students who had experience in field clinical practice. It was carried out to grasp the awareness and practice of dental infection control and to use it as basic data for dental infection control practice. As a result of examining the awareness of dental infection control, the average score was 4.58 points, and the average infection control practice was 4.50 points. As a result of identifying differences between infection control awareness and practice, there were statistically significant differences in all domains. As a result of investigating the effect on infection prevention practices, the grade level, the experience of infection during practice, whether infection control guidelines are provided in the laboratory, awareness of handwashing areas, and wearing personal protective equipment were found to be significant predictors.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2016

Purpose In nuclear medicine examination, $^{131}I$ is widely used in nuclear medicine examination such as diagnosis, treatment, and others of thyroid cancer and other diseases. $^{131}I$ conducts examination and treatment through emission of ${\gamma}$ ray and ${\beta}^-$ ray. Since $^{131}I$ (364 keV) contains more energy compared to $^{99m}Tc$ (140 keV) although it displays high integrated rate and enables quick discharge through kidney, the objective of this study lies in comparing the difference in exposure dose of $^{131}I$ before and after wearing apron when handling $^{131}I$ with focus on 3 elements of external exposure protection that are distance, time, and shield in order to reduce the exposure to technicians in comparison with $^{99m}Tc$ during the handling and administration process. When wearing apron (in general, Pb 0.5 mm), $^{99m}Tc$ presents shield of over 90% but shielding effect of $^{131}I$ is relatively low as it is of high energy and there may be even more exposure due to influence of scattered ray (secondary) and bremsstrahlung in case of high dose. However, there is no special report or guideline for low dose (74 MBq) high energy thus quantitative analysis on exposure dose of technicians will be conducted based on apron wearing during the handling of $^{131}I$. Materials and Methods With patients who visited Department of Nuclear Medicine of our hospital for low dose $^{131}I$ administration for thyroid cancer and diagnosis for 7 months from Jun 2014 to Dec 2014 as its subject, total 6 pieces of TLD was attached to interior and exterior of apron placed on thyroid, chest, and testicle from preparation to administration. Then, radiation exposure dose from $^{131}I$ examination to administration was measured. Total procedure time was set as within 5 min per person including 3 min of explanation, 1 min of distribution, and 1 min of administration. In regards to TLD location selection, chest at which exposure dose is generally measured and thyroid and testicle with high sensitivity were selected. For preparation, 74 MBq of $^{131}I$ shall be distributed with the use of $2m{\ell}$ syringe and then it shall be distributed after making it into dose of $2m{\ell}$ though dilution with normal saline. When distributing $^{131}I$ and administering it to the patient, $100m{\ell}$ of water shall be put into a cup, distributed $^{131}I$ shall be diluted, and then oral administration to patients shall be conducted with the distance of 1m from the patient. The process of withdrawing $2m{\ell}$ syringe and cup used for oral administration was conducted while wearing apron and TLD. Apron and TLD were stored at storage room without influence of radiation exposure and the exposure dose was measured with request to Seoul Radiology Services. Results With the result of monthly accumulated exposure dose of TLD worn inside and outside of apron placed on thyroid, chest, and testicle during low dose $^{131}I$ examination during the research period divided by number of people, statistics processing was conducted with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test using SPSS Version. 12.0K. As a result, it was revealed that there was no significant difference since all of thyroid (p = 0.345), chest (p = 0.686), and testicle (p = 0.715) were presented to be p > 0.05. Also, when converting the change in total exposure dose during research period into percentage, it was revealed to be -23.5%, -8.3%, and 19.0% for thyroid, chest, and testicle respectively. Conclusion As a result of conducting Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, it was revealed that there is no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Also, in case of calculating shielding rate with accumulate exposure dose during 7 months, it was revealed that there is irregular change in exposure dose for inside and outside of apron. Although the degree of change seems to be high when it is expressed in percentage, it cannot be considered a big change since the unit of accumulated exposure dose is in decimal points. Therefore, regardless of wearing apron during high energy low dose $^{131}I$ administration, placing certain distance and terminating the administration as soon as possible would be of great assistance in reducing the exposure dose. Although this study restricted $^{131}I$ administration time to be within 5 min per person and distance for oral administration to be 1m, there was a shortcoming to acquire accurate result as there was insufficient number of N for statistics and it could be processed only through non-parametric method. Also, exposure dose per person during lose dose $^{131}I$ administration was measured with accumulated exposure dose using TLD rather than through direct-reading exposure dose thus more accurate result could be acquired when measurement is conducted using electronic dosimeter and pocket dosimeter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.16
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• pp.111-123
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• 1991

We suppose that Poback-cheok appeared with wearing clothes in the ancient times. At first, man used body as a scale, and it is gradually diversified with social development. It is clear that also in the time of Shilla-Dynasty, the United Shilla-Dynasty and the Goryeo-Dynasty, the system of degree existed in historical relation to that of China. But we don't know it's real length, because there is no recording until the beginning of the Yi-Dynasty. The first recording about Poback-cheok appeared in the time of the King Sejong. Hwangjong-Cheok which is a original vessel of the degree system appears in the 7th years of the King Sejong. In the 12th years of the King Sejong, Ju-cheok, Youngjo-cheok and Joyegi-cheok appeared. In the 13th years of the King Sejong, Poback-cheok appeared as a new changed one. At that time, the length of Poback-cheok is recorded as 44.75cm in chapter of Oye and Jonsoo Pobaek-cheok is recorded as 46.73cm in Jeonjesangjeongso's picture, and it is recorded as 46.80cm in the Kyunggugdaijeon. The scale system is put in good order in the time of King Sejong. But it is confused by the war of 1636 after King Seonjo period. In the 26 th year of King Youngjo, it is reappeared as one of the King Sejong, and it is fixed as 46.80cm. The length is used until the proclamation in the 6th years of the Kwangmu(1902), and then the length of Pobaek-cheok is changed as 48.48 cm, that is measured by a Gok-cheok. After that time, the scale system is very confused during the introduction of new civilization and the Korean-Japanes Unit. So it is used longer or shorter(that is, 49.24cm or 48.91cm). And the metric system is introduced by Japanes in 1926, and it reached the present time. According to use, the actual thing with is used in the end of the Yi-Dynasty is various from 30cm to 70cm. And according to material and craft-man, it can be devided into Hwa-gag scale, Najeon-blacklacquer-scale, bamboo-scale, wooden-scale. The way of expression of measure is always followed by the decimal system. The other half part, except the part of expression of graduation, is put on decorate with a pattern. Also we can see the idea of living on this point.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.333-343
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• 2004

Impression cytology refers to application of cellulose acetate filter material to the ocular surface to remove the superficial layers of the conjunctival epithelium. The technique is non-invasive, is easy to perform, causes minimal discomfort to the patient, and can be used to follow changes in the conjunctival ocular surface over time. With this method, the morphology of the conjunctival ocular surface can be studied and the degree of squmaous metaplasia assessed. This study was performed to evaluate the conjunctival surface by impression cytology in dry eye patients. A total of 70 students with no contact lens wearing history were recruited. Subjects were required to fill in a McMonnies dry eye symptom questionnaire. The non-invasive tear thinning time(TIT) test of each subject was measured, followed by Schirmer tear test(STI), tear film break-up time(TBUT) tests and Rose-bengal staining were performed as a baseline. Conjunctival epithelial cells from the inferior bulbar conjunctiva were harvested by the impression cytology technique. The specimens collected were labelled and stained with PAS(Periodic Acid Schift)-haematoxylin. The goblet cells and conjunctival epithelial cells were observed under a light microscope of 400x magnification. The specimens were classified according to the Nelson Grading scale which was based on the degree of squamous metaplasia such as changes of goblet cells density, size/form, N:C(nucleus : cytoplasm) ratio. Dry eye patients were observed morphological changes of the epithelial cells, different nuclear alterations, decrease of the goblet cells density. The degree of cytological changes was related to severity of dry eye conditions. When the epithelial cell morphology was graded according to the system described by Nelson, specimens from the control group revealed 91.43% of the eyes to be grade 0 and 8.57% to be grade 1, whereas of the dry eye patients, 20% were grade 0, 42.86% grade 1, 34.29% grade 2 and 2,86% grade 3. Impression cytology represents a non- or minimally invasive biopsy of the ocular surface epithelium with no side effects or contraindications. It has demonstrated to be a useful diagnostic aid for a wide variety of processes involving the ocular surface. This technique is a safe, simple method and may help increase understanding of various ocular surface alterations in dry eye patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.16
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• pp.221-229
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• 1991

This thesis aims at reviewing the wearing aspect and formation of Chosun ceremonial dresses for meal and finding out the thought reflected by them from the standpoint that dresses themselves should be taken as one of the phenomena in culture. That is men's ceremonial costumes and confucian costumes of the royal family and the gentry family in Chosun is reviewed focused on the formation and the wearing aspect of Po, Which is a kind of them. And in the context of the phase of the times. I also considered the thoughts reflected on the clothes such as confucianism, Ying & Yang Theory, and the symbol and the thoughts of patterns in relation to the clothes. Confucian influence was the main force for the Chosun prohibitions for clothes. The major reasons for the prohibitions for clothes were as follows. First, they reflected confucian Chung myoung chooui(the principle that everything should be where it belongs). That is the prohibitions for clothes were used in the means to maintain feudalistic social order. influenced by social rank system. Second, they reflected confucian ethics in the means to recover social disciplines with the maintenance of traditional customs. This shows well in the restriction of luxurious items in dressing included the prohibitions for clothes. Third, they reflected Chosun's toadysm toward China. With the influx of Chinese style of dressing then government even changed the style of uniforms for public officials into that of Chinese resulting in dual styles of dressing. Ying & Yan Theory greatly affected the colors of Korean clothes and reflected toadysm toward China. too. The theory was embodied by prohibition of such colors for clothes as white, gray, and jade green. I reviewed the twelve patterns on Myunpok, Ten-Longivity patterns and Four-Gracious plants patterns in order to analyze the symbolism and thoughts of patterns for clothes. Nansam, Dopo, and Shimui worn by confucian scholars ensures that those clothes bears confucianism and philosopical factors. As shimui was worn by many people it appears in Chosun scholars' studies and a Chinese book called "Yeki". I reviewed the origin, procession, and ornaments of four ceremonial clothes and tried to find out the confucianism in them. First, In Kwanrei (the coming-of-age ceremony) remained ancestor worship and respect for manners. The clothes for this ceremony granted the rights and responsibilities of and adult to the wearer. The royal Kwanreipok had different dresses for each rank. As Samgapok, the crown prince wore Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for the first ritual, Wonryukwan and Kangsapo for the second, and Myunrukwan and Konpok for the third. The rank of the King's grandson was lower than the crown prince's. This example shows that Chosun people respected manners and thought the basic confucianism "God and people are equal." at the Royal court. Second, as Honreipok(wedding gown), the crown prince wore Myunrukwan and Konpok for Daereipok, Wonyukwan and Kangsapo for Napjing and Tongwoo, and Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for Chekbinui. But common people were allowed to wear an official outfit only for wedding in the means of congratulation on the most important day of their life. Wedding gowns which reflected Ying and Yang Theory emphasized the thought that union of a man and a wife is the most important event in life. Third, Sangrei(funeral) was the last ritual of a human being to send off the deceased. The mourning dresses expressed lamentation of the people left behind. Five-Dress-System for each the relative degree of familarity showed the solemnity and formality, which represented the formality of confucianism and ancestor worship. I reviewed the mourning dresses by dividing them into royal, Yangban's, and commons. They were featured by the fact that there was only one style for every walk of life. It is construed that anyone in mourning can wear the same clothes since he feels the same way regardless of his social rank. Fourth, Chereipok(sacrificial rite dresses) had different styles for each social rank. The King wore Myunpok(Kuryumyun and Kujangpok) were recorded to be worn first in the fourth year of King Taecho's ruling. The crown prince wore Palryumyun and Chiljangpok for sacrificial rite dress which was finally settled when King Sejong was in power. Common people wore Dopo, Shimui for the rite dress in the beginning of the Chosun Era and wore Dopo after Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. In conclusion, confucianism played the main role in ceremonial dress system of Chosun and that was because it emphasized the ethics of action in life, which was different from other religions. It is true that cause-oriented thoughts and Chung myoung chooui in confucianism drove all ceremonies to extreme manners, discriminating the people who belonged to the lower social rank, and resulting in extremly luxurious life style. However, they also created a unique trend and clothes culture in the Chosun Era. I wish that this thesis provieds important information and direction for furthur studies in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.81-103
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the differences in masticatory performance, muscle activity, and patterns of occlusal contact between persons with natural dentition and removable partial denture wearers. Twenty healthy adult subjects with more than 28 teeth and thirteen removable partial denture wearers that classified Kennedy classification I was selected. The degree of pulverized rice and peanut was measured and analyzed by means of sieving method to compare the masticatory performance. For the muscle activity, EMG was recorded in selected muscles(Temporalis and masseter muscle) during mastication and resting state. The occlusal record in maximal intercuspation was taken with a silicone occlusal bite registration material for analysis of the patterns of occlusal contact. The obtained results were as follows: 1. When chewed peanuts, masticatory performance ratio at 10-sieve size was 81.31% in natural dentition group. In removable partial denture wearer, 27.01% without RPD and 69.09% with RPD. When chewed rice, 42.04%, 11.87%, and 21.58%, respectively. The differences of masticatory performance ratio between groups were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. 2. The mean EMG value in resting state was $1.06{\mu}V$ on temporal muscle, $0.98{\mu}V$ on masseter muscle in natural dentition group. In removable partial denture wearers, $1.13{\mu}V$ on temporal muscle, $1.05{\mu}V$ on masseter muscle without RPD and $1.11{\mu}V$ on temporal muscle, $1.04{\mu}V$ on masseter muscle with RPD. 3. The mean EMG value during mastication was $45.64{\mu}V$ in natural dentition group, and in removable partial denture wearers, $22.06{\mu}V$ without RPD and $31.01{\mu}V$ with RPD when chewed peanuts. When chewed rice, $45.24{\mu}V,\;25.53{\mu}V\;and\;32.14{\mu}V$, respectively. The differences of mean masticatory EMG value between groups were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. 4. The number of posterior occlusal contact point was 20.15 in natural dentition group and 11.92 in removable partial denture wearers. The area of perforated surface was $16.50mm^2$ in natural dentition group and $6.06mm^2$ in removable partial denture wearers. The area of contact surface was $78.93mm^2,\;51.52mm^2$, respectively. 5. The area of contact surface was effective to masticatory performance ratio in natural dentition group and removable partial denture wearers (p<0.05). From these results, it is concluded that in partially edentulous patient, masticatory efficiency can be improved by removable partial denture wearing, and for efficient mastication, tight occlusal contact surface shoud be maintained by maximum support that is provided from mucosa.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2005

The results of having studied the relationships between environmental factors and family history which affected distribution of ametropia according to departments are like these. The subjects of study were 920 persons who were the industrial high school students in Daejeon. First, When we searched ametropia degree and congenital factors, expecially in case of emmetropia, it showed that the students' parents who wore glasses amounted to 22.6% in ratio and the students' brothers and sisters wore glasses in 22.8%. But in case of the students of ametropia, their parents' rate of wearing glasses was 27.7%. The result showed that refractive error status of offsprings was related to their parents' eye condition. Second, We studied emmetropia and ametropia who used computer for over 3 hours in order to see relationships between refractive error and acquired factors. The emmetropias were 45.6%, while the ametropias were 70.1%. The result showed that it appeared 24.5% more in ametropia. In the end, refractive error can be greatly influenced by environmental factors. Third, The result of comparing distribution of ametropia with VDT using time according to each department showed the students of constructional information department had much more ametropia rate. They used computers than any other students in taking lessons and spent much more time than other department's students.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 2000

A clinical study was done 40 patients of chronic prostatitis who was treated in Dept. of Internal Medicine, Oriental Medicine Hospital, Taejon University, from 1 Mar. 1999 to 31 Oct. 1999. The results were as follows. 1. In distribution of age, 30's and 40's were 57.5% the most, 20's and 60's were 35.0%, 50's was 7.5%. 2. In distribution of past history, the urethritis(45.0%) was the most. 3. In distribution of ocupation, a white-collar worker was 35.0%, a business man was 22.5%, a public servant was 12.5%, etc. 4. Sitting the mean time of day were distributed 5~7 hours, above 7 hours, 3~5 hours, under 3 hours, etc. 5. The resting interval of a long distance drive were distributed 2 hours(35.0%), 3 hours(32.5%), etc. 6. The habit of enduring ejaculation during sexual intercourse was showed 45.0%. 7. The habit of enduring urination was showed 20.0%. 8. Influency of mental stress was showed 90.0%. 9. Ten cases(25.0%) were showed riding horse or riding bicycle. 10. Four cases(10.0%) were showed wearing tight trousers. 11. The habit of put a wallet his hip pocket was showed 57.5%. 12. The most common symptom was distributed the others symp-tom(66.8%) and the voiding symptom(63.3%) more than pain-neuro-logical symptom(37.5%) and symptom related with sexual function (26.6%). 13. In distribution of palpation, lower abdominal pain, lumbar pain, perineal or parascrotal pain were mostly showed right side. Moreover diagnosis of pulsation was weakly showed chi pulse of right. 14. Duration of disease were distributed above 1 year(82.5%), under 1 year(17.5%). Degree of prostatitis was severe showed adove 1 year. 15. The distribution of WBC count of the prostatic secretion, com-paring with before therapy and after therapy, were showed from 5 cases to 0 case in very many/HPF, from 23 cases to 13 cases in many/HPF, from 12 cases to 13 cases in 10~30/HPF, from 0 case to 13 cases in under 10/HPF. 16. Therapeutic improvement of symptom were distributed pain-neurological symptom(94.8%), the others symptom(90.8%), the void-ing symptom(89.6%) and symptom related with sexual function(67.5%). 17. Differentiation of symptoms and signs were distributed dificiency of spleen-lung vital energy, wetness-heat of lower warmer, dificiency of spleen-kidney yang, dificiency of kidney yin, wetness-phlegm, dificiency of vital energy and blood. The prescriptions were Bojungikgitang(44.6%), Yukmijihwangtang(20.7%), Palmijihwangtang(12.0%), etc.