• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.459-468
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• 2003

Annual variation of water qualities in the Shihwa Lake were observed 18 times from June 1996 to October 2001. We studied at the station of the upper streams and near the water gate of lake. After the flow of the outer seawater through the water gate, the surface salinity in Shihwa Lake increased to the range of 25-30 psu in both stations after October 1998. Due to the declination of the salinity differences between the surface and the bottom water, the pycnocline in which had existed until 1997 has weakened, and made the water column mix vertically. This led to the improvement of anoxic/hypoxic environment at bottom waters after April 1998. However, despite the continuous flow of the outer seawater, the concentrations of chlorophyll-a at surface layer were varied from $2{\mu}g/l\;to\;60{\mu}g/l$, and these values indicated the eutrophication. The following organic matter load was greatly influencing the surface layer's COD concentration. During the rainy season, the salinity at the surface layer to the below 15 psu resulting in stratification between the surface and bottom layer. Organic matters that were provided from the surface layer to the bottom layer due to active primary production in the year exhausted dissolved oxygen at the bottom layer, and the bulks of organic matters at bottom gave rise to hypoxic or anoxic environment. It was observed that the enrichment of ammonia and phosphate were main factors to worsen the water quality of the Shihwa Lake. The results of examining the annual variations in Shiwha Lake through principal component analysis shown that water characteristics in the rainy season were similar with those before input of outer sea water.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.142-156
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• 2000

An experimental study of steam condensation on a subcooled thick water layer (0.018 ~0.032 m) in a countercurrent stratified flow has been performed using a nearly horizontal circular pipe. A total of 103 average interfacial condensation heat transfer coefficients were obtained and parametric effects of steam and water flow rates and the degree of subcooling on condensation heat transfer were examined. The measured local temperature and velocity distributions in the thick water layer revealed that there was a thermal stratification due to the lack of full turbulent thermal mixing in the lower region of the water layer Two empirical Nusselt number correlations, one in terms of average steam and water Reynolds numbers, and the water Prandtl number, and the other in terms of the Jakob number in place of the Prandtl number, which agree with most of the data within $\pm$ 25%, were developed based on the bulk flow properties. Comparisons of the present data with existing correlations showed that the present data were significantly lower than the values predicted by existing correlations.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회(2)
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• pp.1437-1439
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• 2005

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제86권4호
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• pp.489-501
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• 1997

이 연구(硏究)는 계류수(溪流水)에서 수질평가항목(水質評價項目)의 설정시(設定時) 중요한 인자(因子)인 수소이온농도(pH), 용존산소(溶存酸素), 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)에 미치는 영향 요인을 구명(究明)함으로써 계류수질평가기준(溪流水質評價基準)을 정립(定立)하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 서울대학교(大學校) 농업생명과학대학(農業生命科學大學) 부속(附屬) 관악수목원(冠岳樹木園) 산림소유역내 3개 조사구(서어나무림, 벚나무림, 리기다소나무림)에서 수행하였다. 1996년 7월 1일부터 1997년 8월 31일까지 강수(降水), 임내우(林內雨), 토양수(土壤水), 계류수질(溪流水質)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果), 강우평균(降雨平均) pH는 6.06(5.02~6.60)이었으며, pH 5.6 미만의 산성우(酸性雨) 출현빈도(出現頻度)는 약 16.7%로 pH 5.02가 가장 낮았다. 강수(降水)로부터 임내우(林內雨)를 통해 산림토양(山林土壤)에 도달한 물이 계류수(溪流水)에 도달될 때까지 평균(平均) pH의 크기는 계류수(溪流水)>토양수(土壤水) [벚나무림(B층>A층)] > 벚나무림 임내우(林內雨)>토양수(土壤水) [서어나무림(B층>A층)]>서어나무림 임내우(林內雨)>강수(降水)>토양수(土壤水) [리기다소나무림(B층>A층)]>리기다소나무림 임내우(林內雨)의 관계를 나타내어 리기다소나무림은 강수 pH를 낮게 하였고, 서어나무림과 벚나무림은 이와 반대되는 결과를 나타내었다. 강수(降水)와 수종(樹種)에 따른 임내우(林內雨), 토양수(土壤水), 계류수(溪流水)에서 평균(平均) 용존산소농도(溶存酸素濃度)의 크기는 계류수(溪流水)>임내우(林內雨)(서어나무림>벚나무림>리기다소나무림)>강수(降水)>토양수(土壤水)(벚나무림 A층>리기다소나무림 A층>서어나무림 A층>벚나우림 B층>리기다소나무림 B층>서어나무림 B층)의 관계이었다. 강수(降水), 임내우(林內雨), 토양수(土壤水), 계류수(溪流水)에서 평균전기전도도(平均電氣傳導度)의 크기는 토양수(土壤水)(B층>A층)>임내우(林內雨)(리기다소나무림>벚나무림>서어나무림)>계류수(溪流水)>강수(降水)의 관계이었다. 즉, 강수(降水), 임내우(林內雨), 토양수(土壤水), 계류수(溪流水)에서 전기전도도(電氣傳導度)의 설명(說明)에 유의(有意)한 영향을 마치는 인자(因子)는 $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, 양이온총량, 이온총량, 그리고 선행무강우일수 등 5개 인자이었으며, 중상관계수(重相關係數)는 0.84로 1% 수준에서 유의하였다.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

PP hollow fiber membrane was hydrophilized by EVOH dip coating followed by low temperature plasma treatment and UV irradiation. EVOH coating attained high water flux without any prewetting but its stability did not guaranteed at high water permeation rate. At high water permeation rate, water flux declined gradually due to swelling and delamination of the EVOH coating layer causing pore blocking effect. However, plasma treatment reduces the swelling, which suppress delamination of the EVOH coating layer from PP support result in relieving the flux decline. Also, UV irradiation helped the crosslinking of the EVOH coating layer to enhance the performance at low water permeation rate. FT-IR and ESCA analyses reveal that EVOH dip coating performed homogeneously through not only membrane surface but also matrix. Thermogram of EVOH film modified plasma treatment and W irradiation show that crosslinking density of EVOH layer increased. Chemical modification by plasma treatment and UV irradiation stabilized the hydrophilic coating layer to increase the critical flux of the submerged membrane.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the artificial neural network algorithm for water quality forecasting in Chungju lake, north Chungcheong province. Multi-layer perceptron(MLP) was used to train artificial neural networks. MLP was composed of one input layer, two hidden layers and one output layer. Transfer functions of the hidden layer were sigmoid and linear function. The number of node in the hidden layer was decided by trial and error method. It showed that appropriate node number in the hidden layer is 10 for pH training, 15 for DO and BOD, respectively. Reliability index was used to verify for the forecasting power. Considering some outlying data, artificial neural network fitted well between actual water quality data and computed data by artificial neural networks.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.873-880
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• 2009

Water-vapor permeation through metallic barriers deposited on polymer substrates has been an important technological issue because the performance of the barrier is critical to the reliability of flexible organic devices. For the development of long-lifetime flexible organic devices, two different sets of samples were designed and demonstrated from the viewpoint of the water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR). Aluminum (Al) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were chosen for the barrier layer and the polymer substrate, respectively. Two stacking structures, a single-layer (Al/PET) structure and a double-layer (Al/PET/Al) structure, were used for the WVTR measurement. For the single-layer structure, the WVTR decreases as the thickness of the barrier layer increases. Compared to the single-layer sample, the double-layer sample showed superior WVTR performance (by nearly three times) when the total thickness of the Al barrier was greater than 100 nm.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2016

Applications of electrolytic ion water generated by the oxidation-reduction have gradually been expanded due to their strong sterilizing power and a surface active force. We demonstrate the effect of the multi-layer type electrode for effective ion water generation. The multi-layer type electrode has ability to generate stronger acid and alkali water by increase of the electrode reactive area. Also power consumption efficiency enhances because the electrodes disposed in middle position of the reactive cell raise the usage rate by overlapped effect as an electrolysis electrode.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2006년도 전기학술대회논문집
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• pp.51-52
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• 2006

This study was progressed on the freezing behavior of waste water in relation to freeze concentration method useful to waste water treatment system of small and middle size and which can re-use purified water. The object of this experiment is comparing a pollutant contain of the frozen layer and of an aqueous solution by cooling wall temperature, a flow field effect and a initial thickness of frozen layer.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.229-239
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• 1994

북태평양에 위치한 일본근애의 수괴분포에 대한 특성을 중층수에 중점을 두어 일본 해상 기상청이 관측한 정이 해양관측정선에서 얻어진 자료를 사용하여 검토하였다. 쿠로시오해역의 T-S도상에서 분산은 비교적 작게 나타나고 있다. 쿠로시오해역에서 고온, 고염분층에서부터 저온, 저염분측으로 이동하고 있다. 혼합해역에서 수형의 분한은 북으로 이동함에 따라 고염분측의 이동보다 저온, 저염분측으로 급격히 증가하고 있다. 염분극소층에서 해수의 써모스테릭 아노말리(thermosteric anomaly)는 해양관측정선이 북에서 남으로 이동함에 따라 감소하고 있다. 이러한 사실은 해수가 염분극소층을 따라 남하하는 것이 아니고, 염분극소층이 두 해수의 수직적인 경계임을 제시하고 있다. 여기서 오야시오수와 쿠로시오수의 두 전형적인 수괴를 정의하고 있따. 염분극소층보다 깊은 부분의 T-S도는 전형적인 오야시오수와 쿠로시오수가 같은 양으로 혼합하는데 대해, 염분극소층보다 상층에서는 전혀 다름 양상을 나타내고 있다. 염분극소층 해수의 써모스테릭 아노말리가 북에서 남으로 이동함에 따라 뚜렷이 감소해 간다. 이러한 사실은 왜 염분극소층에서 써모스테릭 아니말리의 값이 북에서 남쪽으로 이동함에 따라 감소하는지를 설명해 주고 있다.