• 한국감성과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국감성과학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.209-210
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• 2009

수면단계는 수면감성을 평가하는데 있어서 중요한 생리지표로서 사용되어왔다. 그러나 수면다원검사를 이용한 전통적 수면단계 분류방법은 뇌전도, 안전도, 심전도, 근전도 등을 종합적으로 측정하므로 수면단계를 비교적 정확히 분류할 수 있지만 피험자에게 심한 구속감을 주는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는, 각성상태에서 교감신경계가 지배적인 반면에 수면 중에는 부교감신경계가 더 활동적인 점에 착안하여 수면단계를 간단히 분류할 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 수면단계에 따른 심박동변이도(heart rate variability: HRV)를 분석하였다. 단일채널 심전도를 이용하여 수면단계별로 HRV 의 교감신경계/부교감신경계 활성도의 비율을 분석한 결과, W(wakefulness) 단계가 NREN(non REM) 2 단계, 3 단계, 4 단계에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, NREM 4 단계는 REM(rapid eye movement) 단계와 NREM 1단계에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 또한 교감신경계/부교감신경계 활성도 비율의 수면단계에 따라 변화하는 양상은 W, REM, NREM 1, 2, 3, 4 단계의 순으로 단조 감소하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2007

Sleep is a vital, highly organized process regulated by complex systems of neuronal networks and neurotransmitters. Normal sleep comprises non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM periods that alternate through the night. Sleep usually begins in NREM and progresses through deeper NREM stages (2, 3, and 4 stages), but newborns enter REM sleep (active sleep) first before NREM (quiet sleep). A period of NREM and REM sleep cycle is approximately 90 minutes, but newborn have a shorter sleep cycle (50 minutes). As children mature, sleep changes as an adult pattern: shorter sleep duration, longer sleep cycles and less daytime sleep. REM sleep is approximately 50% of total sleep in newborn and dramatically decreases over the first 2 years into adulthood (20% to 25%). An initial predominant of slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4) that peaks in early childhood, drops off abruptly after adolescence by 40% from preteen years, and then declines over the life span. The hypothalamus is recognized as a key area of brain involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The basic function of sleep largely remains elusive, but it is clear that sleep plays an important role in the regulation of CNS and body physiologic processes. Understanding of the architecture of sleep and basic mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake cycle are essential to evaluate normal or abnormal development of sleep pattern changes with age. Reduction or disruption of sleep can have a significant impact on daytime functioning and development, including learning, growth, behavior, and emotional regulation.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

Sleep is associated with definite changes in respiratory function in normal human beings. During sleep, there is loss of voluntary control of breathing and a decrease in the usual ventilatory response to both low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. Especially, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a distinct neurophysiological state associated with significant changes in breathing pattern and ventilatory control as compared with both wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by erratic, shallow breathing with irregularities both in amplitude and frequency owing to marked reduction in intercostal and upper airway muscle activity. These blunted ventilatory responses during sleep are clinically important. They permit marked hypoxemia that occurs during REM sleep in patients with lung or chest wall disease. In addition, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is more frequent and longer and hypoventilation is more pronounced during REM sleep. Although apneic episodes are most frequent and severe during REM sleep, most adults spend less than 20 to 25% of total sleep time in REM sleep. It is, therefore, possible for patients to have frequent apneas and hypopneas during REM sleep and still have a normal apnea-hypopnea index if the event-rich REM periods are diluted by event-poor periods of NREM sleep. In this review, we address respiratory physiology according to sleep stage, and the clinical implications of SDB and hypoventilation aggravated during REM sleep.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.192-199
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• 2012

본 연구는 라벤더(Lavandula angustifolia)향이 뇌기능에 미치는 효능을 객관적인 관점에서 살펴보고자 함에 의의를 두고 뇌파 변화를 살펴보았다. 신체적으로 건강한 20대 여자 성인(28명)을 대상으로 검증된 수면장애 조사를 통하여 수면질을 조사하여 수면에 문제를 가진 대상자를 선별하고 라벤더 향기요법을 실행하여 뇌파의 변화를 분석하였다. 뇌파 전극은 10-20 국제법에 의하여 전부두(F3, F4), 측두부(T3, T4), 후두부(O1, O2), 두정부(P3, P4)에 부착하였다. 향기요법을 시행하기 전 3분, 시행 중 3분, 그리고 시행 후 3분씩 나누어서 뇌파 검사를 시행하였다. 라벤더향은 수면질이 좋은 사람(15명)에서 후두부와 두정부에서 알파파를 감소시키고, 전두부에서는 세타파와 후두부에서 베타파를 증가시켰다. 그러나 수면질이 나쁜 사람(13명)에서는 대뇌 모든 영역에서 수면 입면파인 세타파만을 증가시키는 효능이 나타났다. 따라서 라벤더향은 수면질이 나쁜 사람에게 수면을 유도하는 긍정적인 뇌기능 효능이 있음을 확인하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2018

Sleep is the most basic and essential physiological requirement for mental health, and sleep disorders pose potential risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Tryptic hydrolysate of ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein (${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$) has been shown to possess stress relieving and sleep promoting effects. However, the differential effects of ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ on electroencephalographic wave patterns and its effects on the protein levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid A ($GABA_A$) receptor subtypes in hypothalamic neurons are not well understood. We found ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (120, 240 mg/kg) increased sleep duration in mice and reduced sleep-wake cycle numbers in rats. While ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) increased total sleeping time in rats, it significantly decreased wakefulness. In addition, electroencephalographic theta (${\theta}$) power densities were increased whereas alpha (${\alpha}$) power densities were decreased by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) during sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, protein expressions of $GABA_A$ receptor ${\beta}_1$ subtypes were elevated in rat hypothalamus by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$. These results suggest ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$, through $GABA_A$ receptor modulation, might be useful for treating sleep disorders.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2017

Haddad 증후군은 Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome과 Hirschsprung's disease가 함께 나타나는 질환으로 수면 시 호흡 저하를 특징으로 하나, 증상이 심할 경우 깨어있을 때에도 호흡 저하가 나타날 수 있다. 따라서 전신 마취 시, 중추성 억제 약물 사용에 주의를 기울여야 하고, 적절한 환기가 이루어지도록 하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 술 후에도 호흡 저하가 일어나지 않도록 주의를 기울여야 한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.1222-1227
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• 2008

하지 불안증후군은 다리의 감각 둔화와 감각이상을 호소하며, 쉬고 있을 때 악화되고 움직이면 완화되는 특징을 보이는 증후군이다. 정확한 원인은 아직 알려진 바 없으며 아동기 시작되는 하지 불안증후군은 철분 결핍 및 가족력과 연관된 것으로 되어 있다. 또한 하지 불안증후군은 주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애를 흔히 동반하며, 수면 다원 검사로 확진되는 주기성 사지 운동증과 같은 선상의 질병으로 여겨진다. 저자들은 하지 통증을 호소하는 5세 남아에서 어머니의 가족력을 발견하고 주의력 결핍 장애의 증상을 동반하며 수면 다원 검사로 진단된 경도의 주기성 사지 운동증으로 확진한 하지 불안 증후군을 진단하고 철분제 복용 후 증상 호전을 보인 사례를 경험하였기에 이를 보고하며, 성장통으로 내원하는 아이들에서 하지 불안 증후군을 감별할 것을 제안하는 바이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.304-313
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to discover the effects and possible mechanisms of the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) on spontaneous sleep. The effects of a low dose (10 mg/kg) and a high dose (200 mg/kg) of RGE were compared in rats. After recovery from a surgical operation enabling electroencephalograms recordings, rats were administered RGE orally. RGE was administered orally for 1 day or once per day for 5 days in either 10 or 200 mg/kg doses. Polygraphic signs were recorded for 12 h after oral administration of RGE. Both treatment with a large dose (200 mg/kg) of RGE for one day and treatment with either a large or a small dose for 5 days reduced the number of sleep.wake cycles. Daily treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg) for 5 days augmented NREM and total sleep, but reduced wakefulness. Delta wave activity recorded during non-REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep was increased after one treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg). Delta wave activity during NREM was enhanced after daily treatment with RGE (either 10 or 200 mg/kg) for 5 days. Both alpha and beta subunits of the $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were significantly over-expressed in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. Moreover, the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase was also increased in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE may regulate spontaneous sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2008

The present investigation was performed to evaluate the homeostatic regulation of sleep architecture by the ethanol extract of Korea red ginseng (KRG), since the available data were often controversial. In addition, it was also interested in whether the sleep-wake stages were differently affected by low and high doses of KRG. Each adult Wistar male rat was implanted with a transmitter for recording EEG and activity via telemetry. After one week of surgery, polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep-wake activities were recorded for 12 h (between 9:00 am and 9:00 pm) after KRG administration. KRG (10 and 100 mg/kg) increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep as well as total sleep. The total percentages of wakefulness were decreased comparably. KRG (10 mg/kg) decreased the power density of the ${\delta}-wave$ (0.75-4.5 Hz) and increased ${\alpha}-wave$ (8.0-13.0 Hz) in the NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. KRG also decreased ${\delta}-wave$ power density in wake time. However, KRG (100 mg/kg) increased ${\delta}-wave$ and decreased ${\theta}-wave$ (5.0-9.0 Hz) power density in wake time, while showed little effect on the power density in NREM and REM sleep. In conclusion, low and high doses of KRG increase spontaneous sleep and NREM sleep and differently regulate the EEG spectra in REM and NREM sleep.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2012

The current inquiry was conducted to assess the change in sleep architecture after long periods of administration to determine whether ginseng can be used in the therapy of sleeplessness. Following post-surgical recovery, red ginseng extract (RGE, 200 mg/kg) was orally administrated to rats for 9 d. Data were gathered on the 1st, 5th, and 9th day, and an electroencephalogram was recorded 24 h after RGE administration. Polygraphic signs of unobstructed sleep-wake activities were simultaneously recorded with sleep-wake recording electrodes from 11:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. for 6 h. Rodents were generally tamed to freely moving polygraphic recording conditions. Although the 1st and 5th day of RGE treatment showed no effect on power densities in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the 9th day of RGE administration showed augmented ${\alpha}$-wave (8.0 to 13.0 Hz) power densities in NREM and REM sleep. RGE increased total sleep and NREM sleep. The total percentage of wakefulness was only decreased on the 9th day, and the number of sleep-wake cycles was reduced after the repeated administration of RGE. Thus, the repeated administration of RGE increased NREM sleep in rats. The ${\alpha}$-wave activities in the cortical electroencephalograms were increased in sleep architecture by RGE. Moreover, the levels of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits of the ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptor were reduced in the hypothalamus of the RGE-treated groups. The level of glutamic acid decarboxylase was over-expressed in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that RGE increases NREM sleep via $GABA_A$ergic systems.