• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.86-97
• /
• 2024

Alkaline- or salt-assisted extractions have been widely used to extract edible insect proteins, however, there is a need for extraction techniques that balance cost-efficient production as well as preserving the protein properties. Mealworm proteins (Tenebrio molitor larvae) were extracted using three different extraction methods-alkali (AMP), salt (SMP), and water (WMP)-and then physicochemical and techno-functional properties were examined. AMP had high yield, protein, and amino acid contents, whereas WMP had high moisture, ash, and fat contents. SDS-PAGE showed a wide range of molecular weights in WMP whereas mostly low molecular weights were observed in AMP and SMP. AMP had poor protein solubilities compared to SMP and WMP across all pHs. AMP had enhanced water-holding capacity and emulsion stability, whereas WMP had improved oil-holding capacity and foaming properties. WMP formed a gel with and without the transglutaminase. The physicochemical and techno-functional properties demonstrated that water-soluble mealworm protein was superior to alkali-and salt-soluble mealworm proteins. Considering the cost efficiency and minimal impact on the environment as well, a cold press juicer could be utilized for mass production of mealworm protein compared to the conventional methods of protein extraction using alkali and salt.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.373-379
• /
• 2017

재조합 대장균의 ${\beta}-galactosidase$ (${\beta}-gal$)을 이용하여 transgalactosylation 반응으로 1, 2-hexanediol galactoside (HD-gal) 합성을 수행하였다. 먼저, 합성 반응을 수행할 때의, ${\beta}-gal$의 양, 1, 2-hexanediol(HD)의 양, 반응 pH, 반응 온도 등 반응조건을 최적화하였다. ${\beta}-Gal$은 4.8 U/mL, HD는 75 mM, pH는 7.0, 온도는 $37^{\circ}C$의 조건이 최적 합성 조건이었으며, 이때, 약 96%의 HD가 HD-gal로 conversion 되었다. 그리고, 돼지 epidermis를 이용하여 HD와 HD-gal의 water holding capacity (WHC)를 비교 측정하여 보았는데, 이때, epidermis 표면에 HD와 HD-gal을 84.4, 126.6, 168.8, 211.0 mM을 처리하였으며, 84.4, 126.6, 168.8 mM의 HD와 HD-gal을 처리하였을 경우 HD-gal이 HD보다 더 큰 WHC 값을 보여 주었고, 168.8 mM의 경우에는 HD-gal이 HD와 비교하여 최대 약 20% 정도의 더 큰 WHC 값을 보여 주었다. 그러나, HD-gal의 MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) 값을 측정해 본 결과, Enterococcus faecalis의 경우에는 HD의 MIC와 같았으나, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus의 경우에는 약 3배에서 10배까지 HD-gal의 MIC 값이 HD에 비하여 증가되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 결론적으로, HD의 transgalactosylation 반응으로 인하여 합성된 HD-gal의 보습력은 HD에 비하여 증가되고, HD-gal의 항균력은 HD와 비교하여 감소하는 현상을 관찰하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 2004

To study the lipid adsorption characteristic of chitosans with different molecular weights and the degrees of deacetylation, in vitro test and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis have been performed for the measurement of lipid adsorption characteristics of chitosan. The degrees of deacetylation in chitosans were $70{\%},\;85{\%}\;and\;92{\%}$ at different deacetylation times (1 hr, 2 hrs, 3 hrs), respectively. The molecular weight of each chitosan was controlled by enzymatic hydrolysis, and then the molecular weight of the chitosan was 4 kDa. The bulk density, water holding capacity and fat binding capacity of each chitosan powder were $96.2-504.0{\%},\;374.4-1217.9{\%},\;and\;307.0-659.3{\%}$, respectively. The higher molecular weight of chitosan was exhibited the lower bulk density and the higher water and fat binding capacities. Bindinf capacities of chitosan powders to bile salts, cholesterol and linoleic acid were $41.2-63.3{\%},\;40.8-67.4{\%},\;42.6-72.6{\%}$, respectively. In NIR spectrum of lipid adsorbed chitosan the occurrence static eletronical binding between chitosan and lipid was identified by NIR spectrum peak induced from combination of carboxylic group in lipid and amino group in chitosan. In conclusion, the higher degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan showed the higher lipid binding capacity and the lipid adsorption of chitosan were occurred by combination of carboxylic group in lipids and amino group in chitosan.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.435-443
• /
• 2010

Physicochemical and functional properties of collage from skate skin (Raja Kenojei) are examined depending on pH and NaCl concentration in the medium. The solubility decreased as NaCl concentration increased but, turbidity increased as concentration of collagen increased. Oil-holding capacity and water-holding capacity were similar to other fish skin collagens. Emulsion activity, creaming stability, and viscosity were lowest at where pH levels were isoelectric point regions of collagens. However, the higher pH values at 7.0-9.0 caused increasing foam expansion, foam viscosity, and gel strength. These results indicated that collagen from skate skin could be used as a functional ingredient for food and industrial applications.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to examine the optimum culture condition for the production of cellulose from Saprolegnia ferax and its physical characteristics. Conclusions obtained from the results of this study were as follows: In producing the cellulose from S. ferex, optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and $26{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ with a maximum of $26^{\circ}C$, respectively. And, optimal culture period was 11days. WHC and OHC of biocellulose were 3.2(25.04 g/g) times and 3.5(25.75 g/g) times higher than those of commercial ${\alpha}-cellulose$(7.57, 7.25 g/g) respectively. The viscosity of biocellulose is lower than that of commercial ${\alpha}-cellulose$. And the effect of rpm on the viscosity of biocellulose was more than on the that of ${\alpha}-cellulose$.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1989

밀 단백 분말을 주재료로 한 인조육을 제조할때 첨가재료의 첨가량이 품질 특성에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 반죽하는 물의 양이 증가할 수록 L값과 b값이 증가하여 글루텐 인조육의 색이 밝고 노란색이 짙어지는 경향을 보였다. 또한 전단력, 경도, 저작성은 감소하였으며 보수성은 증가하였는데, 첨가하는 물의 양을 100%로 하였을때 L값, 경도 및 저작성이 가장 쇠고기의 측정치에 가까왔다. 2. 호두와 옥수수기름의 혼합비율은 텍스쳐보다 색에 더 크게 영향을 주는 요인이었고, 특히 호두가 인조육의 색을 쇠고기와 비슷하게 하는데 크게 기여하는 요인이었으며, 가장 적당한 비율은 호두 30%와 옥수수기름 10%이었다. 3. 옥수기름과 물의 상호 효과에서 식용유 첨가량보다 물의 첨가량이 더욱 영향을 주었으며, 옥수수기름 10%, 물 100%의 혼합비율로 조제한 글루텐 인조육이 가장 쇠고기의 측정치에 가까왔다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권11호
• /
• pp.1658-1664
• /
• 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium alginate (SA) and pressurization levels on pH, water-binding and textural properties of pork muscle gels (PMG) containing salt. Ground lean pork with 1.0% NaCl and a given amount of SA (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%, respectively), was pressurized to 100, 200 or 300 MPa and subsequently gelled by heating. Results showed that addition of SA into pork muscle enhanced water-holding capacity (WHC) of PMG (p<0.05) as SA increased from 0.25% to 1.0%, with pH slightly increased (p>0.05). A decrease (p<0.05) was observed in all textural parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness). Pressurization had no effect on the tendency of WHC to increase or the decrease of the textural parameters. However, the effectiveness of pressurization to enhance textural properties of PMG was significant at some SA levels, especially ${\geq}200MPa$ and at ${\leq}0.75%$ SA levels. Different combinations of pressure and SA levels could bring about variation in textural properties of PMG while SA enhanced WHC of pork muscle. The multiformity of the texture will open up a wide range of technological possibilities for the manufacture of pork-based restructured low-fat products.

• 산업식품공학
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.118-126
• /
• 2010

The fibrous material fraction as a by-product from the commercial aloe vera gel processing was obtained and freeze dried. The physicochemical characteristics such as the proximate composition, crystalline/surface structures and several physical functionalities including the water holding capacity (WHC), swelling capacity (SW), oil holding capacity (OHC), emulsion/foam properties and viscosity properties of this powdered sample (100 mesh) were investigated and analyzed by comparison with commercial $\alpha$-cellulose as a reference sample. The total dietary fiber content of powdered sample was very high as much as 87.5%, and the insoluble dietary and soluble dietary fiber content ratios were 77.6 and 22.4%, respectively. The FT-IR spectrum of powdered sample showed a typical polysaccharide property and exhibited a x-ray diffraction pattern for cellulose III and IV like structure. SW (8.24${\pm}$0.15 mL/g), WHC(6.40${\pm}$0.19 g water/g solid) and OHC(10.32${\pm}$0.29 g oil/g solid) of freeze dried aloe cellulose were about 3.3, 1.4 and 2 times higher than those of commercial $\alpha$-cellulose, respectively. Aloe cellulose (~2%, w/v) alone had no foam capacity while improved the foam stability of protein solution (1% albumin+0.5% $CaCl_{2}$) by factor of 300%. Emulsion capacity of 2%(w/v) aloe cellulose was about 70% level of 0.5%(w/v) xanthan gum, but its emulsion stability was about 1.2 times higher than that of xanthan gum. Also, aloe cellulose containing CMC (carboxyl methyl cellulose) of 0.3%(w/v) showed a very good dispersity. Aloe cellulose dispersion of above 1%(w/v) exhibited higher pseudoplasticity and concentration dependence than those of $\alpha$-cellulose dispersion, indicating the viscosity properties for new potential usage such as an excellent thickening agent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.753-758
• /
• 2016

Moisture content influences physiological characteristics of microbes and physical structure of solid matrices during composting of animal manure. If moisture content is maintained at a proper level, aerobic microorganisms show more active oxygen consumption during composting due to increased microbial activity. In this study, optimum moisture levels for composting of two bedding materials (sawdust, rice hull) and two different mixtures of bedding and beef manure (BS, Beef cattle manure+sawdust; BR, Beef cattle manure+rice hull) were determined based on oxygen uptake rate measured by a pressure sensor method. A broad range of oxygen uptake rates (0.3 to 33.3 mg $O_2/g$ VS d) were monitored as a function of moisture level and composting feedstock type. The maximum oxygen consumption of each material was observed near the saturated condition, which ranged from 75% to 98% of water holding capacity. The optimum moisture content of BS and BR were 70% and 57% on a wet basis, respectively. Although BS's optimum moisture content was near saturated state, its free air space kept a favorable level (above 30%) for aerobic composting due to the sawdust's coarse particle size and bulking effect.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.444-450
• /
• 2010

We investigated the quality of Dombaeki (shark meat) treated without salting (NS), with salting (S), air-packed (A), and vacuum-packed (V), during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ and $-18^{\circ}C$. We explored water holding capacity, elasticity, total bacterial counts, pH, titratable acidity level, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) value, and drip loss. Water holding capacity and elasticity values were better when salting and vacuum-packaging were employed than when samples were not salted and were packaged in air. The total bacterial counts in SV meat were significantly lower than in other samples. The pH of all samples increased slowly during storage, and the pH values of NSA samples were significantly higher than the pH values of other samples. The VBN level and drip loss of SV meat were the lowest of all samples during storage. The results show that salted vacuum-packed meat was of better quality than that stored without salting, and air-packed, regardless of storage temperature.