• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2004

Purpose: This study elicited Korean women's perceptions of the life situations that contribute to Hwabyung, a culture.bound psychiatric illness in Korea, and delineated a typology of the perceived causative factors for this illness. Method: A purposive sample of 21 Korean women was recruited from a church, a senior center in Seoul and a clinic that provides traditional Korean and westernized medical services to patients in the Gyeonggi area. Inclusion criteria were: 1) the diagnosis of Hwabyung by a traditional doctor or "stress reaction and depression" by a westernized doctor; and 2) a score greater than 40 on the Hwabyung Self.Report Instrument. Surveys using the HSRI and individual interviews using Qmethodology were used. Result: The average age of the participants was 53.7 years(range 35-84). The mean score on the HSRI was 46.2(range = 42-52). Data analysis showed that participants perceived three life situations to cause Hwabyung: vulnerable situation, lowered self.esteem, and negative life events. Conclusions: Korean women, suffering from Hwabyung, perceived at least three different causal patterns for this illness. Nursing care plans should be tailored to meet these differences.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-34
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• 2019

Older women who live alone are among society's most vulnerable people, since they experience increased risk of multiple chronic diseases and have limited financial protection. This can lead older women living alone to catastrophic health expenditure(CHE), which is defined as a healthcare expenditure that exceeds a certain portion of a household's ability to pay. Using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA), this study investigated the incidence of CHE among older women living alone and identified the factors related to this incidence. Applying health expenditure thresholds of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of ability to pay, the proportions of those with CHE were 41.3%, 22.9%, 14.6%, and 9.4%, respectively. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors related to CHE incidence, which include demographics, income, the number of chronic diseases, perceived health status, and health insurance type. The results show that the health care safety net in South Korea is insufficient for older women living alone. The findings can guide policymakers in improving healthcare and welfare policies to protect people from catastrophic payments. Particularly, welfare policies should be established for poor non-recipients who are not included within the benefits scope of the National Basic Livelihood Security System due to the unrealistic criteria of income recognition and family support obligation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

The perspectives on aging women's financial security during their retirement years are based on their behavior, planning, and decision-making processes during their working years. Elderly women are considered vulnerable and have a longer life expectancy, lower-income, and limited financial understanding compared to males; therefore, drastic steps need to be taken to improve their financial stability and quality of life. The current study sought to determine the most important contributors to retired women's financial health by measuring the value of four factors/variables: capability, opportunity, willingness, and biopsychosocial. This study used a mixed model approach, with qualitative analysis in the first phase involving a focus group discussion session, a pilot analysis, and quantitative analysis for phase two involving the distribution and collection of questionnaires completed by retired women. The surveys were distributed across Malaysia in five distinct zones and yielded 339 usable replies to support the theory. The outcomes of the Multiple Regression Analysis in Malaysia revealed that capability, opportunity, and biopsychosocial factors are significant predictors of retired women's financial security, whereas the willingness indicator lacked statistical significance.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

As the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained significant prominence in our daily lives, most IoT devices rely on over-the-air technology to automatically update firmware or software remotely via the network connection to relieve the burden of manual updates by users. And preserving security for OTA interface is one of the main requirements to defend against potential threats. This paper presents a simulation of an attack scenario on the commoditized System-on-a-chip, ESP32 chip, utilized for drones during their OTA update process. We demonstrate three types of attacks, WiFi cracking, ARP spoofing, and TCP SYN flooding techniques and postpone the OTA update procedure on an ESP32 Drone. As in this scenario, unpatched IoT devices can be vulnerable to a variety of potential threats. Additionally, we review the chip to obtain traces of attacks from a forensics perspective and acquire memory forensic artifacts to indicate the SYN flooding attack.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.831-850
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• 2016

The ratio of suicide among the elderly in Korea has nearly tripled within the last 20 years. With this in mind, this study examined the effects of social exclusion on depression and suicidal ideation among the elderly living in elderly-only households with a focus on gender differences. Social exclusion is composed of economic, health, housing, education, social participation, and relational aspects. For this study, data were gathered from 527 participants aged 65 years and over. The statistical methods used for data analysis were descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test, and hierarchical regression analysis with the SPSS Win 20.0 program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, more than 80% of the elderly experienced social exclusion. Women were shown to be more vulnerable than men in terms of housing exclusion, educational exclusion, health exclusion, and multiple exclusion, whereas men were more vulnerable than women in terms of social participation exclusion. Second, social exclusion had significant effects on suicidal ideation among the Korean elderly. We also observed gender differences in the results. Regression analysis of suicidal ideation showed that relational exclusion had a significant effect on suicidal ideation in men, whereas health exclusion had a significant effect on suicidal ideation in women. Results of the study show that stronger social support networks and policies focusing on the elderly are needed in order to reduce elderly suicide in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.469-471
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• 2021

As wireless communication technology advances to ensure high accuracy and safety at high speeds, research and development of Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology has been accelerated as an alternative to traditional radio frequency (RF) technology. As the radio spectrum of RF communication becomes more congested and demand for bandwidth continues to increase, VLCs that can use unlicensed frequency band are proposed as a solution. However, VLC channels have broadcasting characteristics that make them easily exposed to eavesdropping and jamming attacks, and are vulnerable to MITM (Man-In-The-Middle) due to their line of sight (LOS) propagation characteristics. These attacks on VLC channels compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of communications links and data, resulting in higher data retransmission rates, reducing throughput and increasing power consumption, resulting in lower data transmission efficiency. In this work, we model vulnerable VLC channels to analyze the impact of attacks and communications vulnerabilities by malicious jammers.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.476-482
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• 2023

Introduction: There is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. Methods: To operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. Results: We analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p < 0.001), as well as for young or older workers compared to middle-aged workers (young: -4; middle-aged: -2; older: -5; p < 0.001). Similarly, workers with lower educational levels (middle school or below: -8; high school: -5; college or above: -2; p < 0.001) and non-white collar workers (blue collar: -5; service/sales worker: -6; white collar: -2; p < 0.001) experienced higher levels of employment precariousness. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that certain vulnerable groups, such as women, young or older adults, workers with low educational attainment, and caregiving or low-skilled elementary workers, are disproportionately exposed to high employment precariousness. Active policy interventions are needed to improve the employment quality of vulnerable groups.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.63-87
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• 2017

Self-employed women are highly vulnerable to social risks like unemployment and poverty as job instability has increased in recent decades. Despite this, the Korean public policy focus has been on employees, not the self-employed. This may be closely linked to the legacy of the East Asian welfare model policy logic. Therefore, this study explores social risk levels by gender and employment status and examines the relation between social risks of self-employed women and the East Asian welfare model policy logic, through comparing-means analysis and ordered logit regression analysis using the 9th wave data of the Korea Welfare Panel Study Korea. The study yields evidence of divisions in social risk levels according to gender and employment status: that is, a gender difference, and a substantial gap between self-employed workers and regular employees. Furthermore, the findings of the study indicate that self-employed women — especially in small businesses — are more vulnerable to social risks than are self-employed men. This strongly supports the conclusion that the higher social risks of self-employed women in Korea are closely linked to the legacy of East Asian welfare model policy logic, which focuses on social protection for core workers and largely neglects women.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.145-166
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• 2023

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to a widespread shift towards non-face-to-face/uncrewed services in various sectors of society. Despite this, research on the digital divide has focused predominantly on analyzing various factors, with the notable absence of studies addressing the digital divide. Therefore, study examined the current digital divide in the transportation sector through a survey-based approach. First, a nationwide survey was conducted among adult men and women to assess their digital device usage. Vulnerable groups sesceptible to digital disparities were identified based on factors such as age, education, and income. Second, comparative analysis was conducted to examine the usage patterns of mobile applications related to the transportation sector among the vulnerable and non-vulnerable groups using chi-squared test. These findings suggest that the vulnerable group exhibited lower awareness and preference for mobile applications, a significantly lower frequency of application usage than the non-vulnerable group. Finally, a comparison of the proficiency in utilizing transportation sector mobile applications was conducted, showing that the vulnerable group demonstrated a significantly lower level of proficiency across all aspects of application usage procedures compared to the non-vulnerable group. These survey results provide a valuable foundation for future policy formulation to reduce the digital divide in the transportation sector. By highlighting the current state of digital disparities, the research contributes to developing evidence-based strategies to enhance inclusivity and equal access to digital services in tjwtransportation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.577-588
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was intended to integrate the evidence of home care service intervention for mothers and children in vulnerable groups through an integrative literature review. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE (PubMED), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, DBpia databases. The quality of the articles was assessed by one doctoral researcher and verified by one professor of community health nursing who had participated in the systematic review of literature. A framework was developed to identify the intervention patterns in the selected papers and categorize various elements. The extracted intervention elements were grouped into potential themes, which were verified by assessors on whether they clearly reflected the interventions in the papers. Results: Among 878 searched papers, we selected 16 papers after excluding literature that does not satisfy the selection criteria and quality evaluation. The intervention elements of 16 selected papers were categorized into six themes. The extracted intervention elements were divided into the themes of Patient-specific/Situation-specific care planning and intervention, Emphasis on self care competency, Intense home visit by developmental milestone, Reinforcing and modeling mother-child attachment, Communication and interaction across the intervention, Linkage with community resource and multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion: As a result of the analysis of proper interventions of home care services for mothers and children in vulnerable groups, it was found that it is necessary to consider indispensable intervention elements that can standardize the quality of home care services, and conduct studies on developing intervention programs based on the elements.