• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.4 s.66
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• pp.71-80
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• 2006

Collaboration has become essential in the product design process due to internationalized and specialized business environments. This study presents a real-time collaborative 3D design workspace for distributed designers, focusing on the development and the evaluation of new interaction techniques supporting nonverbal communication such as awareness of participants, shared manipulation and tele-presence. Requirements were identified in terms of shared objects, shared workspaces and awareness through literature reviews and an observational study. An Augmented Reality based collaborative design workspace was developed, in which two main interaction techniques, Turn-table and Virtual Shadow, were incorporated to support shared manipulation and tele-presence. Turn-table provides intuitive shared manipulation of 3D models and physical cues for awareness of remote participants. Virtual shadow supports natural and continuous awareness of location, gestures and pointing of partners. A lab-based evaluation was conducted and the results showed that interaction techniques effectively supported awareness of general pointing and facilitated discussion in 3D model reviews. The workspace and the interaction techniques can facilitate more natural communication and increase the efficiency of collaboration on virtual 3D models between distributed participants (designer-designer, engineer, or modeler) in collaborative design environments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.573-579
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• 2023

This study compares dose difference between the presence or absence of grid in Chest PA radiography using auto exposure control and compares image quality among presence, absence or virtual grid, and proposes a new clinically useful grid combination for chest radiography. The human body phantom was placed Chest PA position and the dosimeter was placed at T6. The same irradiation conditions and field size were applied. 30 images were obtained in the state in which grid was applied and in the state in which grid was not applied, and an additional 30 images in which the virtual grid was applied to the image without the grid were obtained. Radiation dose was presented to entrance surface dose. The image quality was analyzed by comparing the signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio. ESD decreased by 48% when the grid was not used, compared to when the grid was used. SNR and CNR increased by 32% and 30% compared to grid use when grid was not used, respectively. In the case of using the virtual grid, it increased by 18% and 16% respectively, compared to the case of using the grid. As a result of this study, it is believed that when using a virtual grid instead of a grid, the quality of the image can be maintained while reducing the patient dose.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 2012

Virtual worlds have pursued reality as if they actually exist. In order to evaluate the sense of reality in the computer-simulated worlds, several subjective questionnaires, which include specific independent variables, have been proposed in the literature. However, the questionnaires lack reliability and validity necessary for defining and measuring the virtual realization. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of visual factors on the sense of reality experienced by exposing to a virtual environment. Therefore, this study was aimed at reinvestigating the variables and proposing a more reliable and advisable questionnaire for evaluating the virtual realization, focusing on visual factors. Twenty-one questions were gleaned from the literature and subjective interviews with focused groups. Exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation was performed on the data obtained from 200 participants(females: 100) after exposing to a virtual character image described in an extreme way. After removing poorly loading items, remained subsets were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis on the data obtained from the same participants. As a result, 3 significant factors were determined to efficiently measure the virtual realization. The determined factors included visual presence(3 subset items), visual immersion(7 subset items), and visual interactivity(4 subset items). The proposed factors were verified by conducting a subjective evaluation in which participants were asked to evaluate a 3D virtual eyeball model based on the visual presence. The results implicated that the measurement method was suitable for evaluating the degree of the virtual realization. The proposed method is expected to reasonably measure the degree of the virtual realization.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.49-59
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• 2018

Simulator sickness is one of the important side effect of virtual reality. Simulator sickness is influenced by various factors, and field of view (FOV) is one of them. The FOV is a viewing angle limited by the screen, and when the FOV is reduced, the simulator sickness is reduced, and the presence is lowered. Previous study developed a Dynamic FOV Restrictor (Center-fixed FOV Restrictor) to reduce simulator sickness while maintaining presence. It is a method that limits the FOV dynamically by reflecting the speed and angular velocity of the avatar. We also developed Eye-tracking Based Dynamic FOV Restrictor (Eye-tracking FOV Restrictor) by adding head rotations and eye movements. This study attempts to compare the simulator sickness and the presence of the No FOV Restrictor condition, the Center-fixed FOV Restrictor condition, and the Eye-tracking FOV Restrictor condition. The results showed that the simulator sickness of the Center-fixed FOV Restrictor condition is significantly lower than other two conditions. The results also showed that there were no significant differences in presence in three conditions. The interpretations and limitations of this study are discussed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

In this study, we propose the core factors and application of asymmetric virtual reality(VR) content in which head-mounted display(HMD) user and Non-HMD users can work together in a co-located space that can lead to various experiences and high presence. The core of the proposed asymmetric VR content is that all users are immersed in VR and participate in new experiences by reflecting widely a range of users' participation and environments, regardless of whether or not users wear the HMD. For this purpose, this study defines the role relationships between HMD user and Non-HMD users, the viewpoints provided to users, and the speech communication structure available among users. Based on this, we verified the core factors through the process of producing assistive asymmetric VR content and cooperative asymmetric VR content directly. Finally, we conducted a survey to examine the users' presence and their experience of the proposed asymmetric VR content and to analyze the application method. As a result, it was confirmed that if the purpose of asymmetric VR content and core factors between the two types of users are clearly distinguished and defined, the independent experience presented by the VR content together with perceived presence can provide a satisfactory experience to all users.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

In immersive virtual environments including mixed reality (MR) and virtual reality (VR), avatars or agents, which are virtual humans, are being studied and applied in various ways as factors that increase users' social presence. Recently, studies are being conducted to apply generative AI as an agent to improve user learning effects or suggest a collaborative environment in an immersive virtual environment. This study proposes a novel method for interface application of a virtual assistant agent (VAA) using OpenAI's ChatGPT in an immersive virtual environment including VR and MR. The proposed method consists of an information agent that responds to user queries and a control agent that controls virtual objects and environments according to user needs. We set up a development environment that integrates the Unity 3D engine, OpenAI, and packages and development tools for user participation in MR and VR. Additionally, we set up a workflow that leads from voice input to the creation of a question query to an answer query, or a control request query to a control script. Based on this, MR and VR experience environments were produced, and experiments to confirm the performance of VAA were divided into response time of information agent and accuracy of control agent. It was confirmed that the interface application of the proposed VAA can increase efficiency in simple and repetitive tasks along with user-friendly features. We present a novel direction for the interface application of an immersive virtual environment through the proposed VAA and clarify the discovered problems and limitations so far.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.7-23
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• 2012

This paper explores how interface environments have an influence on novice users' performance in social virtual worlds (SVWs), which are emerging user-centric three-dimensional cyberspaces. Despite their early popularity, SVWs have experienced that numerous new users leave the cyberspaces soon before they become long-term users. One possible reason is that unfamiliar interfaces of SVWs can be a barrier to novice users' adaptation of the technology. To understand a role of interfaces in the users' assimilation of SVWs, we examine an impact of three interface factors (presence, affordance, and feedback) on performance which is regarded as a yardstick for users' adaptation of SVWs. Forty participants were recruited and went through one-hour experimental sessions with seven tasks in Second Life; they were also asked to answer a questionnaire. Findings indicate that while affordance and feedback are significant factors influencing novice users' performance, presence has no impact on their performance.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.19-28
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• 2017

There exist a variety of VR(Virtual Reality) contents that have been developed by the use of the latest VR technologies. Unlike the rapid advances in the recent VR devices however, the development of VR based game contents that fully utilize such cutting-edge devices has been lackluster. Using more accessible form of smartphone-based HMDs(Head-Mounted Displays), we compare two popular VR presentation methods(a realistic 3D VR karaoke room and a 360 degree video karaoke room) and analyze their users' immersion and realistic perception. We expect that our study can be utilized as a supporting guideline for future smartphone-based VR content developments.

• 한국정보교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2021.08a
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• pp.361-368
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• 2021

Daily life such as society, economy, and culture is fundamentally changing due to COVID-19, and digital transformation based on information technology (IT) such as artificial intelligence, data, and cloud is accelerating. In this study, we focused on the metaverse, which is based on the interaction between the virtual world and the real world, and explored the possibility of using the metaverse-based platform for education. The metaverse-based platform was approached from the perspective of the online education ecosystem, which means that not only online teaching and learning activities but also holistic educational activities such as learning, communication, and empathy are performed within the metaverse. In this metaverse platform, learners can feel the presence of learning, and learning motivation and immersion can be promoted. In addition, it is possible to experience self-directed learning based on the autonomy of spatial movement. Although there are technical and ethical limitations to applying the metaverse platform, it would be preferable to focus more on the interaction between learners in the metaverse world rather than high expectations.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

This research examined the effects of user experience in driving simulation game between using general monitor and 3D virtual reality device, Oculus Rift DK2. We compared the difference of user experience such as presence, flow and arousal by gaming environment. We also tested the effects of virtual reality on driving attitude, emotional pleasure and satisfaction. 100 beginner drivers with a driver's license participated in the experiment of two modes of gaming environment. As a result, all the three user experiences were proved to be significantly higher in VR game play than general monitor game. Also driving attitude, emotional pleasure and satisfaction showed a significant difference in virtual reality. This study makes a theoretical and practical contribution to the application of the next virtual reality game with a special function.