• PNF and Movement
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of using smartphones for tele-rehabilitation on head position and neck dysfunction in workers with visual display terminal (VDT) syndromes over a four-week period. Methods: Sixteen VDT workers volunteered to participate in stretch exercise and posture education sessions. The subjects were divided into three groups as follows: five subjects in the visit group (VSG), six subjects in the video group (VEG), and five subjects in tele-rehabilitation group (TG). The subjects in all the groups performed the exercises three days per week for four weeks. Cranial rotation angle (CRA), craniovertebral angle (CVA) measurement, and neck disability index (NDI) tests were performed before and four weeks after the intervention. Results: No significant difference in the CRA and CVA variables was found among groups. No significant difference in the CRA variable was found within each group. A significant difference in the CRA variable was found in the VSG after the four-week intervention. No significant difference in NDI was found among the groups. The NDIs among all the groups were significantly decreased after the intervention when compared with the NDIs measured before the intervention. Conclusion: The use of smartphones in the tele-rehabilitation of VDT workers with neck pain was found to be as effective on neck function as the conventional intervention method. The tele-rehabilitation of VDT workers with neck dysfunctions may be presented as an alternative way.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.271-285
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a physical activity promoting program based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model on physical activity and health outcomes among obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: This study utilized a randomized controlled trial with a convenience sample of 75 obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis in a university hospital. The older adults in the intervention group participated in a 12-week program involving weekly group sessions and monitoring calls with education booklets and video clips for exercise dances, while those in the control group received an usual care. Outcomes were measured using self-report questionnaires, anthropometrics, and blood analyses. The intervention effects were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and ANCOVA. Results: The mean age of participants was 74.9 years with 84.0% women. The intervention group at 12 weeks showed significantly greater improvements in self-efficacy for physical activity (F=81.92, p<.001), physical activity amounts (Z=-2.21, p=.044), knee joint function (F=15.88, p<.001), and health-related quality of life (F=14.89, p<.001) compared to the control group. Among obese-metabolic outcomes, the intervention group at 12 weeks showed a significant decrease in visceral fat mass (F=7.57, p=.008) and improvement in high-density level cholesterol (F=9.51, p=.003) compared to the control group. Conclusion: Study findings support the need for an IMB based physical activity program for promoting physical activity, knee function and health outcomes in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the persistence of obese-metabolic effects in clinical settings.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2003

This study was a quasi-experimental study of nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design to investigate the effect of rhythmic dance movement training on the physical and psychological functions of the elderly. The data were collected from November, 2001 to February, 2002. The subjects for this study were 34 elderly who was over 65 years old and was living in J city. The elderly selected for this study were: free from heart and pulmonary disease and not regular exercise. The rhythmic dance movement training in watching video tape was rhythmic dance movement and education and supportive care. The rhythmic dance movement was 40-60 intensity, 8 weeks' period, three times a week, 60 minutes a day. The data were analysed by $X^2$-test, paired t-test and unpaired t-test and ANCOVA through SAS/PC program. The results of the study were as follows: 1. There was insignificant difference in the gait length experimental and control group. 2. There was significant difference in the gait speed between the two groups. 3. There was significant difference in the dynamic valance between the two groups. 4. There was no significant difference in the depression between the two groups. 5. There was no significant difference in the Quality of life between the two groups. As shown above, the results of the 8 weeks' rhythmic movement program for the elderly produced positive effects on gait speed, dynamic valance. And this program was expected that it was more effective in different intervention period, verified program. Also it was needed follow study.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.887-896
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• 2018

본 예비연구는 낙상예방 프로그램이 종합병원 입원환자의 낙상발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 중재 전, 인천에 위치한 I병원에 입원하여 재활치료를 받는 환자 190명의 낙상발생빈도를 확인하였다. 낙상의 원인은 환자 보호자 및 치료사의 부주의, 치료사의 업무 부담의 가중, 침상의 높이, 보호자의 부재와 같은 치료실 환경의 문제로 나타났다. 저자들은 PDCA 모델을 통하여 문제점을 인식한 후 낙상예방 프로그램을 개발하였다. 낙상예방 프로그램의 구성은 낙상예방교육 동영상을 제작하여 환자 및 보호자에게 교육하였고, 환경개선 및 치료사교육을 2개월 간 수행하였다. 중재 후, 낙상 발생률의 분석은 220명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과, 낙상발생률은 중재 전과 비교하여 통증치료실은 34.1~66.7%가 줄었으며, 운동/작업치료실은 21.3~40.8%가 감소하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 낙상예방 프로그램이 입원환자의 낙상 감소에 긍정적인 효과를 나타내고 있으며, 낙상예방 모델 중 하나의 방법이 될 것이다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental information for success factors of techniques through kinematic analysis including coordination of lower extremities and landing stability according to the success and failure of $540^{\circ}$ Dwihuryeochagi in Taekwondo. Twenty Taekwondo athletes: ten success group (S, age: $22.3{\pm}1.8$ yrs, height: $172.1{\pm}5.4$ cm, body mass: $64.4{\pm}4.2$ kg) and ten failure group (F, age: $22.3{\pm}1.8$ yrs, height: $172.1{\pm}5.4$ cm, body mass: $64.4{\pm}4.2$ kg) participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis using a system of 3 video cameras with a sampling of 60 fields/s was performed during the competition of $540^{\circ}$ Dwihuryeochagi. Motions were divided into five events: pivot foot landing (E1), pivot foot toe off (E2), COM max height (E3), kick impact (E4) and landing (E5). At E1, the stride width was greater for S than for F (p<.05) while the time was greater for S than for F during P4 (p<.05). At E4, knee angle was greater for S than for F (p<.05). At E5, hip angle was greater for S than for F (p<.05) while kick distance was greater for S than for F (p<.05). Furthermore, at P3, the time would be related to kicking velocity (p<.05), while at P4, the time, range of hip angle and knee angle would be related to kick distance (p<.05). At P1, COM horizontal velocity would be related to COM vertical velocity of P1 and P2 (p<.05). Based on the findings, success factors of $540^{\circ}\acute{y}$ Dwihuryeochagi were COM horizontal velocity of P1, COM vertical velocity of P2, the time, kick distance, velocity, angle of lower extremities and coordination of P3-P4.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1384-1390
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• 2012

신체의 감각기관 중에서도 손가락의 운동과 감각 부분이 뇌에 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 본 연구는 이러한 사실에 주목하여 교육, 훈련, 건강증진 등의 목적으로 다양하게 활용이 가능한 기능성 게임 장치를 개발하되, 주로 두뇌향상을 위한 다섯 손가락의 균형적 사용에 초점을 맞춘 게임 콘텐츠를 위한 장치 개발하고자 한다. 제안하고 있는 게임 장치는 본체 부분만을 독립적으로 사용하는 '오프라인' 방식과 스마트폰 등의 단말기와 연동하여 사용하는 '온라인' 방식의 2가지 방식으로 게임을 즐길 수 있다. '온라인' 방식으로 동작할 때는 블루투스를 통해서 연동되는 단말기에서 시각 정보를 표시하여 게임을 진행하는 것이 가능하고 '오프라인' 방식에서는 주로 청각과 촉각 등을 이용하여 두뇌 훈련을 하거나 정서를 함양하도록 고안되었다. 본 게임장치의 성능과 활용 가능성을 살펴보기 위해서, 연령에 관계없이 모두가 즐길 수 있는 온라인 모드의 슈팅게임과 촉각이나 청각에 의존하는 고령자 친화형 게임콘텐츠인 낚시게임을 개발하였다. 낚시 게임은 온라인 모드로 게임을 진행하는 것도 가능하지만 오프라인 모드에서는 청각과 순발력을 이용하여 다섯 손가락을 균형 있게 사용하게 함으로써 뇌활동이 저하되는 고령자가 게임을 통해 치매, 기억력 저하 등의 인지기능 장애를 예방하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.397-405
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• 2001

The vision disturbances of school- age children has been recognized as and important school health problem. As the visual disturbances of the school-age children is recognized as the nation's health problem. the importance of the development of educational program for visual health should be emphasized. Recently, eyeball movement and other visual health management method has been introduced for prevention or recovery of decrease in visual acuity. But, the effect of eyeball movement was not confirmed yet. And, the controversy around the treatment effect is continued. The decrease of visual acuity is one of the important school health problem as well as it causes discomfort in daily life of the students. So, it should be considered as an important subject for school health and there is a need to develop an effective intervention program for visual health. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the program with the recognition of the need of the intervention for visual health. The visual health promotion program was developed by the researcher and the program was initiated by the school. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was applied for study which examined the effect of the visual health promotion program. The subjects were 742 children (experimental group: 398; control group: 344). The experiment was composed of health education and eyeball movement. Health education was provided 5 times to the children in the class room. Children of experimental group exercised eyeball movement in the class, watching video for 10 minutes two times a day. The exercise was continued for 10 weeks. The result of the study were as follows. 1) change of visual acuity Before the intervention, mean of the visual acuity was .86 for the experimental group and .91 for control group. After the intervention, mean of visual acuity was .95 for the experimental group and. 90 for the control group. There was no significant difference in the change of visual acuity between experimental and control group. 2) change of refraction. In the experimental group, 327 eyes (41.08%) were normal vision and 469 eyes (58.98%) were eyes of refraction errors, 38.82 % of the total eyes were myopia. There was no significant change in the refraction in the children with myopia after the intervention. 3) Awareness of visual acuity, change of knowledge, behavior. and attitude (1) After the intervention, there was a significant difference in the awareness of visual acuity (experimental group: 70.10%. control group: 50.97%, p<.01). (2) After the intervention, there was a significant knowledge increase in the experimental group (pp<.01). (3) There was no significant difference in the visual health behavior after the intervention. (4) There was a significant positive change in the attitude related to visual health in the experimental group ( pp<.05). 4) There was a significant positive change in the subjective discomfort of the students. But, there was no significant change in the objective eye symptom after the intervention. Even though there was no effect in the visual acuity and the change of the refraction. subjective visual health as well as the attitude and knowledge' of the children and parents toward visual health was improved significantly. Also, there was an increase in the intention of change and the awareness for the visual health management. It is suggested that various educational strategies for visual health promotion should be developed and examined for the visual health promotion of the students.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1532-1537
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• 2008

무릎인공관절 단축범위 수술자와 다축범위 수술자를 대상으로 영상분석과 근전도 분석 그리고 운동생리학적 분석을 통하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 한 계단 오르기와 내리기 동안 소요시간은 대상자들 간에 통계적으로 큰 차이(p=0.380, p=0.171)는 없었지만 평균에서는 약간의 차이가 나타났다. 단 축범위 수술자가 다축범위 수술자보다 오르기와 내리기에서 평균속도가 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 한 계단 오르기 동안 고관절의 각속도, 무릎의 각속도, 발목의 각속도는 세 관절 모두 통계적으로는 유의한 차이(p=0.078, p=0.095, p=0.069)는 없었지만 평균의 비교에서는 단축관절 수술자가 다축관절 수술자보다 빠르게 나타났다. 한 계단 오르기 동안 관절의 최대 토크는 통계적으로 차이(p=0.052, p=0.096, p=0.134)는 나타나지 않았으나 평균의 비교에서는 단축관절 수술자가 다축관절의 수술자보다 각관절의 토큐가 모두 크게 나타났다. 굴곡과 신전으로만 움직이게 단축으로 제작된 인공관절에서는 볼 수 없는 변인으로서 연구의 의미가 있다고 사료된다. 계단 오르기와 내리기 동안 외전과 내전이 일어나는 각도를 알아본 결과 통계적으로는 큰 차이는 없었으나(p=0.103) 계단 오르기 동작 ($6.2^{\circ},\;7.8^{\circ}$)이 내리기 동작($5.8^{\circ},6.4^{\circ}$)보다 약간 크게 나타났다. 다축범위 수술자와 단축범위 수술자의 등장성 수축 시 하지의 근육변화를 알아보기 위하여 $15^{\circ}-75^{\circ}$ 사이의 무릎을 펴는 동안 VM, VL, RF, BF, ST의 근육들의 EMG값을 비교해본 결과 통계적으로 유의한 차이(P<0.05)가 나타났다. Table 5에서 보면 다축범위 수술자와 단축범위 수술자간에 대퇴사두근과 무릎오금근에서 유의한 차이(p<0.05, p<0.01)를 나타내고 있다. 무릎을 펴는 등장성 수축 동작에서 VM EMG값은 단축범위 수술자가 다축범위 수술자보다 $31^{\circ}-45^{\circ}$ 그리고 $61^{\circ}-75^{\circ}$에서 더욱 크게 나타났다. BF EMG값은 모든 구간에서 단축범위 수술자가 다축범위 수술자보다 크게 나타났다. 서로 다른 4그룹에서 운동 강도별 피험자의 체지방율의 변화는 젊은 일반군(C), 노인군(E), 단축범위 수술자(S), 다축범위 수술자(M) 에서 운동시기별 측정값의 통계적 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, C 그룹에서 시기별 체지방률이 감소하였고, 고강도 운동인 HI 시기에 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 반면에 E, S 및 M 그룹에서는 시기별 감소하는 경향은 있었으나, 증가된 곳도 있고 HI 시기에서는 모든 그룹에서 감소하였다. 하지만 모든 시기에서 통계적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 서로 다른 4그룹에서 운동강도별 피험자의 안정시대사량의 변화는 그룹별 용이한 비교를 위하여 체표면적으로 나눈 값으로 표기하였다. C 그룹에서 시기별 안정 시 대사량 값이 증가하여 저강도 운동 후 가장높은 값을 보였고 통계적으로도 유의하게 증가함을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 서로 다른 4그룹에서 운동 강도별 피험자의 평균에너지 지출량의 변화는 운동 중과 운동 후 30분간의 에너지 지출량의 평균값을 나타낸 것으로 시기별 C 그룹에 대하여 다른 그룹을 비교 하였다. 우선 고강도 운동 시 C 그룹에 비해 E, S, M 그룹에서 낮은 에너지 소비량 값을 보였고, 모든 그룹에서 통계적으로 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 그리고 이러한 결과는 저 강도 운동에서도 같은 경향을 보이며 나타났는데, 저강도 운동 시 평균 에너지 지출량은 C그룹에 비하여 E, S, M 그룹에서 낮은 에너지 소비량 값을 보였다. 무릎인공관절 단축범위 수술자와 다축범위 수술자를 대상으로 운동역학적인 변인과 운동생리학적 변인을 동시에 병행하여 연구를 시도한 결과 우선 실험상의 어려움들이 많이 나타났다. 현재는 인공관절 수술이 두 종류의 형태뿐만 아니라 재료가 다른 여러 종류의 인공관절도 제작되고 있다. 계속적으로 추가적인 연구가 실시되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.128-160
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• 2009

본 연구는 한 학기 동안 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 일어나는 여러 가지 상황들(장소, 교사, 학생, 교과목)을 중심으로, 특히 공학입문을 가르치는 두 교사간의 상호작용을 내러티브 형식으로 기술하였다. 특히 내러티브의 3차원적 탐구 공간 속에서 학교의 문화, 공과대학, 공학인증 프로그램 등을 바탕으로 공학입문이라는 교과목을 조명하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻은 결론은 학생의 흥미유발을 위한 두 교수의 실행경험으로부터 도출되었다. 첫째, 학생의 흥미를 유발하기 위하여 파워포인터의 글씨나 배경이 좀 더 크고 선명하게 즉, 큰 강의실에 맞추어 작성되어야 한다. 또한 교과 내용을 핵심내용으로 축소하고 효과적으로 전달할 수 있는 동영상의 소개가 이전보다 많아야 한다. 둘째, 교수방법으로는 설명위주로 주어진 자료를 강의하는 것을 자재하고, 매 수업시간에 수업내용과 연계하여 학생들의 그룹 활동이나 개인 활동을 보다 많이 할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 셋째, 과제물은 부족한 수업내용을 보충하고 본 수업 이후에도 학생들에게 많은 도움이 되는 것으로 구성되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 시험문항과 형식들은 학생들의 흥미를 충분히 유발할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 객관식 위주 보다는 단답형 또는 서술형 주관식으로 학생들의 창의적 생각과 깊은 통찰력을 물을 수 있는 문항으로 구성되어야 한다. 본 연구의 한계는 여러 가지로 살펴 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 케이스 연구이므로 이것을 일반화 하기는 무리가 있다. 둘째, 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 교수들 간의 상호작용과 이에 대한 효과를 깊이 있게 연구하지 못하였다. 따라서 학기 중 담당교수들 간의 정보공유와 그에 따른 실행 경험에 대한 연구와 효과를 다루는 후속 연구가 필요하다. 셋째, 본 연구는 공학입문 교과목을 중심으로 발생하는 여러 가지 어려움들을 묘사하는데 그쳤다. 각 이슈들에 대한 묘사를 바탕으로 이에 대한 구체적인 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 이슈들을 대표적으로 살펴보면, 외국인 학생들에 대한 학교 적응이나 삶, 학생의 흥미유발 방법에 대한 실행경험, 과정중심 교육과 결과중심 교육의 실행경험, 팀 발표의 효과적인 운영 경험 등을 들 수 있다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제3권호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.