• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.1 s.23
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• pp.183-194
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate for resistance of V. parahaemolyticus that isolated from patients of food poisoning and fish and shellfish, captured in east coast of Kyungpook province of Korea from 1985 to 1986. VP ATCC 17802 and NAG V. ATCC 6538 were used as control. In fish, shellfish and seaweed, the more temperature increased, the shorter survival time was. In case of sea-water, the more temperature rose up, the longer survival time was, particularly in $37^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, the strains had survived after 6 months. And in tapwater, it was sterilized in 150 mins. and survived for 11.5 days on maximum in ground water. In kimchi, at room temperature, germicidal time was shorter more than 6 times compared with that which had been kept in refrigerator. It survived for 57.1 days in milk, 49.2 mins. in yougurt. Strains had been surviving in frozen condition at $-70^{\circ}C$ even after 6 months, present study time. In resistance test in water bath at several degrees of temperature, all the strains were sterilized in 20 mins. with $60^{\circ}C$. In resistance test to driness, number of surviving strains dropped rapidly in 10-11%) water contents. In UV $2538{\AA}$, strains were sterilized in 20 mins. In resistance test to alcohol, strains had survived for 0.1-4 mins. in fermentative wine of below than 25% and distilled wine of over than 25% in alcohol concentration. The bactericidal concentration of disinfectant was 1% in phenol and 3% in cresol. In 0.1M acetic acid and 0.1M lactic acid, number of surviving colonies decreased rapidly but not in citric acid. The more NaCl concentration rose up, the lower decreasing rate of number of surviving colonies was. The strains had showed sensitive response to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and resisted to carbenicillin, ampicillin and kanamycin. When one day culture strain was cultured till 25th day, resistant strains to tetracycline and cephalothin were changed to sensitive.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2003

This study was conducted to establish the microbiological quality standards applying the HACCP system on sushi items of Japanese restaurant in Korea. The study evaluated hygienic conditions of kitchen and workers, pH time-temperature relationship, and microbial assessments during whole process of sushi making in 2001. Overall hygienic conditions were normal for both kitchen and for workers by 3 point scale, but hygienic controls against the cross-contamination were still needed. Each process of sushi making was performed under the risk of microbial contamination, since pH value of most of ingredients was over pH 4.6 and also production time(3.5~6 hrs) were long enough to cause problems. Microorganisms were high enough to cause foodborne illness ranged 8.0$\times$10$^2$~3.3$\times$10$^{6}$ CFU/g of TPC and 1.0$\times$10$^1$~1.6$\times$10$^3$CFU/g of coliforms, although TPC, coliforms and Staphylcoccus aureus were within the standard limits (TPC 10$^2$~10$^{6}$ CFU/g, coliforms 10$^3$CFU/g). However, Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were not detected. High populations TPC and coliforms were also found in the cooks' hands and cooking utensils(TPC 10$^2$~10$^{6}$ CFU/100cm$^2$and Coliforms 10$^1$~10$^3$CFU/100cm$^2$). Based on the CCP decision tree analysis, the CCPs were the holding steps far six sushi production line except the tuna and the thawing step for tuna sushi. In conclusion, overall state of sushi production was fairly good but much improvement was still needed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.202-208
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• 1995

Puksin Bay located in the northwestern pan of Tongyeong, Korea has been contaminated by municipal wastewaters. In Puksin Bay, red tides have occured almost every year since the early 1980's. This experiment was carried out two times in a month in the winter in 1990, the summer' 1991, and the winter in 1994 so as to clarify the distribution marine bacteria and coliform groups in Puksin Bay. The water quality of Puksin Bay was not only move polluted than that of any other costal area around Tongyeong, but also its water quality was investigated to keep going bad. Viable cell counts in Puksin Bay were $4.9\times10^3/ml$ in 1990's winter, $3.6\times10^6/ml$ in 1991's summer, and $2.1\times10^4/ml$ in 1994's winter. The variation of seasonal total and fecal coliform MPN/100ml in Puksin Bay were $6.7\times10^2\;and\;2.6\times10^2$ in 1990's winter, $1.5\times10^4$ and $5.4\times10^3$ in 1991's summer, and $1.5\times10^3$ and $5.6\times10^2$ in 1994's winter, respectively. The changes of stational total coliform MPN/100m1 from station 1 to station 8 in Puksin Bay were 95,000, 1600, 1,000, 182, 151, 94, 43 and 13 in winter, and 110,000, 29,000, 2,400, 4,100, 1,700, 1,700, 810 and 150 in 1991's summer, and 3,381, 1928, 1582, 256, 161, 59 and 23 in 1994's winter. During the study period, the number of viable cell was ranged from $10^4\;to\;10^7/ml$ and 307 bacteria strains were isolated from Puksin Bay. The dominant species were Acinetobacter spp. 86 $(28.3\%)$, Pseudomonas spp. 51 $(16.6\%)$, Flavobacterium spp. 41 $(13.4\%)$, Escherichia coli 36 $(11.7\%)$, and Vibrio spp. 27$(8.8\%)$. The results obtained in this study indicate that this bay is getting to contaminate far more with municipal wastewaters and cultivation of the shellfish and finfish in this bay is not proper. When municiple wastewaters keep flowing into this bay, any other coastal area around Tongyeong may be contaminated.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 1993

This study was conducted to achieve develop organic sludge recycling technology as sludge make a prey of earthworm. Therefore sludge treatment and recycling technology is an important field by which this research project to solve landfill site and reduction treatment expense using vermicomposting treatment process on the waste sludge from the biological wastewater treatment plant. In experimental results on the optimum conditions of vermicomposting of nightsoil treatment sludge, survival rates were observed 98.3% in temperature of $10-15^{\circ}C$, 75% in pH 5.8-7.5 and 100% in density of $1/79.8cm^3$, respectively. Liveweight changes of earthworm were increased 266% in temperature of $10-15^{\circ}C$, 227% in pH 5.8-7.5 and 325 % in density $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$, respectively. Casting production rate were generated 0.06 g/cap./day in temperature $20-25^{\circ}C$, 0.065 g/cap./day in pH 5.8-7.5 and 0.1 g/cap./day in density $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$, respectively. Cocoon production numbers were observed 3.8 ea. /cap.in $10-15^{\circ}C$, 2.95 ea./cap.in pH 5.8-7.5 and 3.16 ea./cap. in $1\;cap./79.8cm^3$ during 6 weeks, respectively. pH was droped by 6.2 to 5.7, volatile solids was decreased by 2.9%, $NH_3-N$ were also reduced by $6.984{\mu}g/g$ to $0.991{\mu}g/g$. $NO_3-N$, however, were increased by $3.213{\mu}g/g$ to $7.706{\mu}g/g$. Fecal coliforms and pathogenic bacteria are analyzed by microbiological method to assess public health safety of casting. Number of fecal coliform groups were reduced 88.6-99.1% (Avg. 95.7%) approximately. And pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shiegella and Vibrio, were not isolated from the earthworm cast.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 1970

Many investigations have been made on V. parahaemolyticus but to the author's knowledge a report on V. parahaemolyticus found in Korean coastal water has not yet been published. The authors have investigated distribution of V. parahaemolyticus in fish, shellfish, mud, crustacea, sea water and cephalopoda in order to determine the possible origins of food poisoning in Korea. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Fifty six of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from 517 samples obtained from mud, sea water, fish, crustacea and cephalopoda. 2. The distribution of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from the samples was: 6 strains from mud samples, 7 strains from 44 sea water samples, 28 strains from 241 fish samples, 1 strain from 50 crustacea samples and 2 strains from 34 cephalopoda samples. 3. The strains isolated in the Mokpo area were 7 strains from 48 samples and those isolated in the Pohang area were 2 strains from 46 samples. The number of strains in the Mokpo area was the highest among the strains and the number of strains in the Pohang area was the lowest.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.148-157
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of sea water at popular swimming beaches such as Haeundae, Kwanganri and Songjeong which are located in the suburbs of Busan Korea. One hundred and seventy five sea water samples were collected from the 25 stations during the both summer seasons in 1979 and in 1980. The sampling stations were established in the above 3 swimming beaches and the estuary of Suyeong river (See Fig.1.). To evaluate the sanitary quality, coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were observed. The median value of coliform group MPN of the samples ranged 2,300 to 6,500/100m1 in Kwanganri, 670 to 910/100m1 in Haeundae and 430 to 460/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Geometric mean of fecal coliform MPN was 3,200/100m1 in Kwanganri, 500/100m1 in Haeundae and 360/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Composition of coliform was $23\%$ Escheri-chia coli group, $20\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $41\%$ Klebsiella aerogenes group and $16\%$others. The density of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Kwanganri was much higher than those of in other beaches by 5 to 6 times. Plate count of the samples in the estuary of Suyeong river was varied from 300 to $8.5\times10^6/ml$ during the study period. No remarkable difference was observed in bacterial density by tide in swimming beaches but the bacterial density of sea water at ebb tide was obviously higher than those of the samples at flood tide in the estuary of Suyeong river.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 1984

Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, has been caught more than fifty thousand metric tons every year in adjacent sea of Korea, but most of them used for uneatable fish meal because of their rapid spoilage. Usually it is known that the main reason of putrefaction of foods is caused by the maicro-organisms included in them. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to identify the micro-organisms isolated from the intestine of fresh sardine and characterize their proteolytic enzymes produced from them. Aerobic cell count ranged from $1.7{\times}10^4\;to\;3.6{\times}10^5/g$, while anaerobic cell count, from $2.9{\times}10^4\;to\;5.5{\times}10^5/g$. Most of the isolated strains were psychrotrophic mesophiles. Among the two hundred and eighty strains isolated from the fresh samples, fifty-six strains ($20.0\%$) were proteolytics, one hundred and seventy-five strains ($62.5\%$) were lipolytics and tenty-nine strains ($10.5\%$) had the ability to produce hydrogn sulfide. The most predominantly isolated microbial groups from the fresh sardine were Moraxella ($31.4\%$) and Pseudomonas sup. ($28.6\%$). Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae appeared from $7.9\%\;to\;5\%$ out of total tested strains. The average bacterial count in the spoiled samples (stored at about $18^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours) was increased to the level of $2.9{\times}10^8/g$ for aerobes, $1.5{\times}10^8/g$ for anaerobes, then one hundred and ten strains, corresponding to $52\%$, out of two hundred and thirteen strains submitted to the test were proteolytics. The strongest proteolytic bacterium among the two hundred and eighty strains was identified as Pseudomonas 101 which grew best at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum condition for the activity of the proteolytic enzyme produced by Pseudomonas 101 appeared $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 9.0, but the activity was relatively unchanged between 5.0 and 11.0 of pH and between $30^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ of temperature.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2007

We performed the biochemical characteristics, molecular epidemiologocal analysis, and drug susceptibility test on V. vulnificus isolated from environmental sources in Incheon. For this study, 233 strains were isolated from seawater, sediment, shellfish. V. vulnificus isolates were divided into 15 biochemical groups, which were positive for ONPG and Amygdalin test. Among the 209 strains, 206 (98.6%) strains and 110 (52.6%) strains revealed positive for vvhA and viuB gene, and the viuB gene detection rates of V. vulnificus from seawater, shellfish and sediment were 48%, 48.5% and 61.6%, respectively. From disc diffusion test on 175 isolates, most of strains were sensitive to Imipenem (100.0%), Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (98.9%), Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin (98.3%), Ampicillin/sulbactam (97.1%), Ohloramphenicol (96.6%), Cefepime (94.9%) and Ceftriaxone (94.8%), multi-drug resistance rates was 31.5% of seawater, 34.4% of sediment and 29.2% of shellfish. PFGE was performed on 233 V. vulnificus isolates with the objective of investigating the extent of genetic diversity of these isolates in our region. We could find that at least 126 different PFGE patterns were generated according by 90% of similarity and 13 clusters by 58% of similarity. The major cluster was type I (44.6%) during the most of the year, and type J was frequent pattern in June and October. There were 9 distinct PFGE types in July, 8 types in August, 7 types in June, 6 types in September, 5 types in October 3 types in May and 1 type in March.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.642-649
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• 2012

The southern coast of Korea is important for the ark shell ($Scapharca$ $broughtonii$) aquaculture, but the productivity was rapidly reduced during the previous decade by mass mortality. To overcome this economic loss, investigations only focused on environmental factors, and microbiological researches were performed insufficiently. In this study, two sites (Gangjin and Jinhae bay) were selected for their high and low rate of mortality, respectively, and the existence of microflora from underwater sediments in the bodies of $S.$ $broughtonii$ was analyzed. We screened the whole body of each sample and chose unique colonies, which exhibit alpha- and beta-hemolytic activity, for identification. The microflora in $S.$ $broughtonii$ was less variable than sediments, and restricted species were isolated. We identified 17 genera of 88 species and 16 genera of 64 species from the two bays, respectively. A major proportion was comprised of $Bacillus$ species, with the $Bacillus$ $cereus$ group being the most common species among the $Bacillus$ strains, while $Paenibacillus$, $Lynsilbacillus$, and $Vibrio$ species were the second most abundant species. At the genus level, there were no significant microbial differences between the two coastal regions. 64 species were isolated from rare site (Jinhae bay), but more species (88) with greater variety were isolated from the frequent site (Gangjin bay). Therefore, it was assumed that the cause of mass mortality lay in the difference in specie-level diversity, and conducting investigations on the diagnosis of pathogenic species by challenging tests using isolated unique species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.920-926
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of yellow loess on the microbial community after applying into C. polykrikoides as a red tide centrol method during decomposition process, we conducted this study using microcosm experiments, which consisted of sediment collected from Jinhae and Masan bay. The composition, number of bacteria and respiratory electron transport system activity (ETSA) were analyzed. The number of heterotrophic bacteria examined in the samples of both stations reached maximum value within 12 hrs with $10^7$ cells/dry g, independent with the yellow loess applied. In addition, a differenee in the variation of heterotrophic bacterial composition was not observed by adding the yellow loess, and Vibrio spp. always appeared during the culture periods, However, in day 8 culture, the sulfate reducing bacteria was $3.8\times10^7$ cells/dry g in Masan bay and $5.5\times10^6$ cells/dry g in Jinhae bay samples without yellow loess, and these were 120, 350 fold-and 160, 420 fold-increased when yellow loess was added (1 : 1, 1 : 2). The average ETSA was 6.8$\~$7.6 $\mu$g formazan $h^{-1}$ dry $g^{-1}$ independently with yellow loess in aerobic condition for both samples, but activity was decreased by addition of yellow loess in anaerobic. Thus the addition of yellow loess to marine sediment seems to have an effect to inhibit the anaerobic decomposition process and growth of sulfate reducing bacteria which lead to the bad condition of marine environments.