• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2010

The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of human in contact with a wide variety of substances. Despite this importance of irritation test, little is known with respect to the irritation potency of lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has been known to cause phototoxicity with an abnormal reaction of the skin. Thus, to investigate the tendency of lomefloxacin to cause eye and skin irritation, we carried out in vitro eye irritation test using Balb/c 3T3, and in vitro skin irritation test using $KeraSkin^{TM}$ human skin model system. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay has been proposed as a potential replacement alternative for the Draize Eye irritation test. In this study, the $IC_{50}$ value obtained for lomefloxacin was 375 ${\mu}g$. According to the classification model used for determining in vitro categories, lomefloxacin was classified as moderately irritant. For evaluation of skin irritation, engineered epidermal equivalents ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) were subjected to 10 and 25 mg of lomefloxacin for 15 minutes. Tissue damage was assessed by tissue viability evaluation, and by the release of a pro-inflammatory mediator, interleukin- 1${\alpha}$. Lomefloxacin increased the interleukin-1${\alpha}$ release after 15 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post incubation, although no decrease in viability was observed. Therefore, lomefloxacin is considered to be moderately irritant to skin and eye.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4267-4273
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• 2016

Previous studies suggested that dithio-carbamates are potent apoptosis and anti-apoptosis inducing agents in various cancer cells. Here, the anti-proliferative and apoptosis inducing effects of a new derivative (2-NDC) from the dithio-carbamate family was examined in human leukemia K562 cells. We use thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to measure viability and cell growth inhibition. The 2-NDC showed effects on viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, inhibiting proliferation at concentrations of $10-30{\mu}M$ after 24-48 hours of treatment and increasing values after 72 hours at $40-120{\mu}M$. The cytotoxic effect of the compound was calculated with an $IC_{50}$ of $30{\mu}M$ after 24-hour. Apoptosis induction was confirmed by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) staining, DNA fragmentation assay, flow cytometric assessment and also caspase-3 activation assay. Furthermore, enzymes level such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) involved in oxidative stress were evaluated. The results of this study demonstrated insignificant increase of intracellular ROS levels for 24 hours and reduction after 48-72 hours. In addition to reduction of intracellular thiol, caspase-3 like activity was also decreased in a time-dependent manner in cells treated with 2-NDC. Thus 2-NDC can be considered as a good candidate for further pharmaceutical evaluations.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.657-665
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation of pentoxifylline (PTX; phosphodiesterase inhibitor) to thawed boar semen improves the post-thaw motility of sperm and affects the efficiency of artificial insemination (AI) and further development. To determine the concentration of PTX for AI, frozen-thawed semen was incubated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mM PTX in an extender freezing medium, respectively, after thawing. Kinematic properties of sperm were examined with a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system. In addition, viability and mitochondrial activity were also tested by LIVE/DEAD and a MitoTracker kit. There were no significant differences in the kinetic parameters of thawed sperm between control and treatment groups, but overall assessment parameters such as motility and rapid progressive were higher in the 10 mM PTX group. In the viability and mitochondrial assay, there were no significant differences observed in the PTX treatment, compared to the control. For further analysis, artificial inseminations were performed using frozen semen and 10 mM PTX treated cryopreserved semen, respectively. There were no differences in pregnancy rates and fetus weights among the groups until 30 and 40 days, but litter size was reduced and relatively low-birth weight was observed in the PTX group. In summary, our findings suggest that enhancement of in vitro sperm quality or non-toxicity supplemented by PTX may have detrimental effects on fetus development.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.187-195
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• 2021

In order to assess the cell toxicity of 10 instruments made of polymers, the MTT assay which utilizes the L-929 cell was selected. Specimens were eluted at a temperature of 37℃ for 24 hours at a rate of 4g per 20mL, RPMI 1640, and then was positively and negatively contrasted with a control test solution, in accordance with the Notification No. 2020-12 Protocols of Medical Apparatus Biological Safety from the Ministry of Drug and Food Safety. As a result of 24 hours of incubation in 37℃, 5% CO₂ Incubator and assessment using an ELISA reader, the results of Intraoral camera indiciated a cellular viability of more than 70% at a 50% eluate. But, the Plastic impression tray, 3D printing tweezer, Impression disposable syringe, Dental floss holder, Hand implant scaler, Surgical retractor, Oral scanner tip, Dental mirror, and the Water pick tip all reported a cellular viability of more than 70% at a 100% eluate, which indicates that do not exhibit cytotoxicity, thus allowing it to be used in contact with the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.125-139
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• 2009

Purpose: This experiment was designed to find out increasing effects of S. barbata. co-treatment with anti-cancer drugs at cancer cell's growth inhibition effect. Methods: Divergent observational study of the S. barbata. co-treatment with Cisplatin treatment on HeLa cell. Cell viability using MTT assay, Cell Culture and Cytotoxicity Studies, Cell Cycle Analysis, Annexin V-FITC/PI assay, Cell morphological assessment, PARP cleavage using Western blotting analysis when HeLa cell were co-treated with Cisplatin and Scutellaria Barbata extracts. Results: When HeLa cell were co-treated with Cisplatin and Scutellaria Barbata extracts, we found out viability of HeLa cell, changing in the distribution of cell cycle, Annexin V-FITC staining, DAPI staining, PARP clavage protein assay by Western-blot. So Scutellaria Barbata extracts have increased apoptosis Conclusion: When co-treated Scutellaria Barbata extracts with anti-cancer drugs, the anti-cancer effects were increased. We still not sure which constituent apoptosis at cancer cells and activates anti-cancer effects suppressing, but we believe that it'll be revealed here after with following experiments.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.328-336
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• 2023

Purpose: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based in vitro systems can be of great value in the development and assessment of vaccines but require the right medium for optimal performance of the different cell types present. Here, we compare three commonly used media for their capacity to support innate and adaptive immune responses evoked in PBMCs by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and whole inactivated virus (WIV) influenza vaccine. Materials and Methods: Human PBMCs were cultured for different periods of time in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI), Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM), or Iscove's modified DMEM (IMDM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The viability of the cells was monitored and their responses to TLR ligands and WIV were assessed. Results: With increasing days of incubation, the viability of PBMCs cultured in RPMI or IMDM was slightly higher than that of cells cultured in DMEM. Upon exposure of the PBMCs to TLR ligands and WIV, RPMI was superior to the other two media in terms of supporting the expression of genes related to innate immunity, such as the TLR adaptor protein gene MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88), the interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes MxA (myxovirus resistance protein 1) and ISG56 (interferon-stimulated gene 56), and the leukocyte recruitment chemokine gene MCP1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). RPMI also performed best with regard to the activation of antigen-presenting cells. As for adaptive immunity, when stimulated with WIV, PBMCs cultured in RPMI or IMDM contained higher numbers of IFNγ-producing T cells and secreted more immunoglobulin G than PBMCs cultured in DMEM. Conclusion: Taken together, among the different media assessed, RPMI was identified as the optimal medium for a human PBMC-based in vitro vaccine evaluation system.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.509-515
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• 1998

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether T1-201 reinjection distinguishes viable from non-viable myocardium in patients with reverse redistribution after acute myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods: We studied 42 patients with acute myocardial infarction (age, $55{\pm}12$ years). Eighteen (43%) out of 42 showed reverse redistribution on dipyridamole stress-4 hour redistribution T1-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). T1-201 reinjection was performed at 24 hours. Reverse redistribution was defined as worsening of perfusion defect at 4 hour delayed scan. All patients underwent follow-up echocardiography in 4 months to assess regional wall motion improvement. T1-201 uptake on reinjection images were analyzed for the prediction of myocardial wall motion improvement. Results: Of 36 segments with reverse redistribution, 17 segments showed normal wall motion on echocardiography, while 19 segments showed wall motion abnormalities. Of 19 the segments with reverse redistribution, 11 (58%) showed enhanced uptake after 24 hour reinjection. Myocardial wall motion was improved in 10 of 11 segments (90%) with enhanced uptake on reinjection. Wall motion improvement was not seen in 5 of 8 segments (63%) without enhanced thallium uptake. When myocardial viability was assessed by the uptake on reinjection image, nine of 10 segments (90%) with normal or mildly decreased uptake showed improved wall motion. Wall motion was not improved in 5 of 9 segments (16%) with severely decreased uptake. Conclusion: In patients with acute myocardial infarction, T1-201 reinjection imaging on myocardial segments with reverse redistribution has a high positive predictive value in the assessment of myocardial viability.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2018

The skin of the human body occupies the largest surface area of the body and acts as a protection for the person's internal organs. As such, the skin is a major target of oxidative stressors, and these oxidative stressors are known to contribute to skin aging over the course of time. For the most part, an antioxidant is an effective approach to utilize to prevent symptoms related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced aging of the skin. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-aging activity of the leaves of the Quercusaliena Blume extract (QBE). In our study, we confirmed that the cell viability tested with XTT {2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide innersalt} assay was not affected up to a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the cell viability of HDF cells induced by hydrogen peroxide was recovered from 81% to 104% after treatment with QBE, which showed the greater protective effect than that of ascorbic acid. Treatments of QBE dose-dependently inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HDF cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, which correlated with their protective effects on cell viability. Since QBE treatment exhibited the suppression effect of skin aging by decreasing the ROS production, QBE could be used as a not only natural anti-aging but also antioxidant resource.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2005

The inactivation efficiency of Campylobacter jejuni were assessed in vitro and in vivo using confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry. C. jejuni cells were inactivated with $1\%$ (w/v) trisodium phosphate (TSP) and the live cells and inactivated cells were distinguished by staining with LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacteria Viability fluorescent probe. After treatment of TSP for 5 min, most of C. jejuni cells turned to coccoid form from original spiral shape. C. jejuni cells lost total cell viability in the absence of organic nutrients but did not lost total cell viability in the presence of organic nutrients. In vivo test, C. jejuni cells turned to viable but non-culturable (VBNC) form after TSP treatment and remained alive on chicken skin. C. jejuni cells attached on chicken meat would transform to coccoid form by sanitizer treatment, but could possibly be alive by the benefits of organic nutrients present in chicken meat.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1294-1300
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to increase contrast to noise ratio(CNR) in myocardial viability test by using contrast agent which highly content gadolinium(1mmol/mL) maximizing diagnostic value. This research method that four hundred four patients were underwent the MRI scanning two hundred eighty four of them were injected commercial contrast media which have 0.5mmol/L and the rest of them were injected new contrast media(gadobutrol) which have 1mmol/mL of molarity to study the contrast difference depending on the molarity of the contrast agent signal intensities of normal ventricle and left ventricle were measured to compare and evaluate signal to noise ratio(SNR) and CNR of the images. As result, 1mmol/mL contrast agent showed higher SNR by 25.13% in myocardium and 30.74% in left ventricle. CNR was proved to be better in 1mmol/mL contrast agent by 31.29%. The results above were all statistically meaningful. Therefore, contrast agent contenting more gadolinium which was 1mmol/mL in this study, could more effectively shorten T1 relaxation time, increase the signal intensity and at the same time maximize CNR and diagnostic value. This study firstly report the usefulness of 1mmol/mL contrast agent in patients allegedly suffering cardiac diseases and it is considered to increase diagnostic value.