• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 2010

In this study, a simple and rapid pre-treatment method based on liquid extraction was applied for the simultaneous determination of three macrolides (spiramycin, tylosin, and tilmicosin) residues. In these studies, the stock farm products was used as a matrix sample. When the liquid extraction method was compared with the solid phase extraction (SPE) method, the former showed higher recovery percentages and simpler steps than the latter. The macrolids were separated using a reverse-phase C18 ($250\;mm{\times}4.6\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$) column and a gradient elution with mobile phases consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) and acetonitrile. Tylosin and tilmicosin were detected at 288 nm and spiramycin was detected at 232 nm. The average recovery percentage ranged between 83.0-90.2% for samples spiked with the three macrolids at 50 and 100 ng/g The validation results showed that the limit of detection (7 (spiramycin), 12 (tilmiconsin), 12 (tylosin) ng/g)) was under the regulatory tolerances and the linearity from calibration curves was satisfactory for determining the multi-residue of three macrolids in farm products. Monitoring samples were collected at the main cities in Korea as Seoul, Busan, Deajeon, Incheon, Deagu, and Gwangju. Microlide antibiotics were not detected in most samples.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine harvest date and cultivar effects on the agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and quality of fall sown oat (Avena sativa L.) at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon from August to November 1993. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots were consisted of the harvesting dates, suchas early (11 October), mid(21 October), and late(1 November), the subplots were consisted of different maturities of oat cultivars, such as 'West', 'Cayuse' and 'Magnum'. The first heading date of an early maturing culivar, West, was observed on 10 October, and the heading increased up to 30% at the late harvesting date. The average dry matter (DM) content of oat cultivars increased significantly from 12.8 to 15.9% as the growing stage progressed(p<0.01). The average dry matter percentage of West, Cayuse, and Magnum was 15.4, 13.4, and 13.5%, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content of oat cultivars decreased significantly from 20.1 to 13.3% as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), and the CP contents of midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, were significantly higher than that of an early maturing cultivar West (p<0.01). The mid harvesting date showed the highest acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than the other harvesting dates, and an early maturing cultivar West had higher ADF and NDF contents than the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oat cultivar West decreased as the harvesting date was delayed, but that of Cayuse and Magnum decreased only by the mid harvesting date. Cayuse and Magnum showed 3~4% higher digestibility than West. The correlation coefficient between IVDMD and ADF content was -0.86. The average dry matter yield of oat cultivars increased from 2,901 to 5,901kg/ha as the harvesting date was delayed(p<0.01), but no significant difference was found among oat cultivars. The corrdelation coefficient between DM yield and gorwing degree days(GDD) was +0.86. The results of this study indicate that a delay in harvesting date would be recommendable for the increase of dry matter yield when fall-sown oat is grown. Especially, the DM yield of the midseason and late maturing cultivars, Cayuse and Magnum, respectively, can be increased without much change of forage quality although the harvesting date are delayed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the Pine Bark Spent Liquor (PBSL) inclusion, prepared by alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone cooking, on Pellet durability index (PDI) of practical diets and performance of broiler chicks and laying hens. Fourteen treatments with four replications were assigned for PDI test in Experiment 1. Control, 10% Wheat(W10), 20% Wheat(W20), 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 3.00% PBSL, 0.1, 0.2% commercial pellet binder A(CPB A) or B(CPB B), W10 plus 0.1% CPB A or B were used for PDI test. PDI was measured by PDI tester (Oriental Motors, Japan). The control diet was based on corn and soybean meal with no wheat or pellet binders inclusion. The PDI of the PBSL or other commercial pellet binder treatments were significantly higher than control groups(P<0.05). It was shown 95.9, 95.9, 95.8, and 95.7 in W10, 0.5% PBSL, 0.2% CPB A or B treatments, respectively. Thus, those treatments were applied to Experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 2, 200 male broiler chicks (Cobb$\times$Cobb) were allocated to the control, W10, PBSL 0.5%, 0.2% CPB A and B with four replications. Starter diets contained 3,169, 3,149 kcal/kg ME and 21% CP, and finisher diets were fed at the level of 3,192, 3,172 kcal/kg ME and 19W% CP. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) were weekly measured for 5 wk and the number of intestinal anaerobes were examined at the end of experiment. The weight gain of chicks fed PBSL was not significantly greater than control groups, but was significant different compared to that of W10 or 0.2% CPB A treatments (P<0.05). FCR of chicks treated with PBSL or other pellet binders tended to improve compared to that of control.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-135
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• 2016

The present study was performed to develop a functional raw food material from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (23%-GNANA) medication containing sialic acid as a marker compound that is naturally occurring at 7% concentration in GMP (glycomacropeptide). GMP is used worldwide in foodstuffs for babies and infants and is obtained from the milk protein as safe food. While the purpose of our detailed evaluation was aimed to assess preliminary NOAEL values for and above 2,000 mg/kg/day, a clinical dose allowance for 23%-GNANA (as per characteristic of a functional health product, a highly refined test substance of 23% (v/v) sialic acid combined in GMP), at the same time we also wanted to assess the safety of GMP hydrolyzate lacking sialic acid but with identical properties as GMP. Animal safety evaluation was conducted using 23%-GNANA as the test substance, produced from hydrolyzed whey protein powder (product name: HELICOBACTROL-23; provided by Medinutrol Inc. [Korea]; composed of 23% sialic acid and GMP protein) after isolating the sialic acid using enzymes approved as food additives, with GMP as a raw material, and subsequently increasing the content of xx up to 23% through 80% (v/v) ethanol soaking and concentrating, in accordance with GLP Guideline. The animal safety evaluation mentioned above was made on the basis of toxicity in SPF Sprague-Dawley female and male rats dosed with 10 mL of the test substance diluted to 0, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg directly into their stomachs for 90 d. This was determined in terms of the general symptoms and animal viability, weight and amount of feed intake, eye examination, uracrasia tests, hematological and blood biochemical disorder tests, blood coagulation test, abnormal intestine weight, abnormalities during postmortem and histopathological examinations. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Based on the toxicity determination, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in male rats with no major effects of the tested substance, in comparison with the control group dosed with sterilized water. Nevertheless, the NOAEL value, evaluated as per toxicity criteria, was verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). Similarly, for female rats, a certain minor effect associated with the test substance was observed in 5,000 mg/kg/day dosed group, with no major effect, yet the NOAEL value (as assessed as per toxicity criteria) was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05), which was the same as for male rats. Accordingly, the NOAEL values of the test substances for all female and male rats were finally verified as 5,000 mg/kg/day (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that the 23%-GNANA test substance exceeds 2,000 mg/kg/day, the clinical allowance characteristic for functional health food, and was finally evaluated to cause no safety concerns when used as a raw material in functional health food production, which was the ultimate goal of the present study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 1985

The properties of lipids in cap and stalk of 'Koshin' (Shiitake, Lentinus edodes, withxpanded cap) were studied. It was also carried out that the characteristics of lipids in fresh 'Donko'(unexpanded cap) and the changes of lipids in those samples by various drying process. The total lipid (TL) content in the cap and stalk of 'Koshin' were 4.58% and 2.65% respectively. It was found that the contents of neutral lipids (NL, $46.7{\sim}48.8%$) and phospholipids (PL, $42.0{\sim}43.8%$) were high, while that of glycolipids(GL, $9.2{\sim}9.5%$) was low. The main lipid in NL was triacylglycerol (TG, $58.0{\sim}58.5%$) followed by sterolester (SE, $16.9{\sim}17.4%$), sterol (ST, $15.6{\sim}16.4%$), diacylglycerol (DG, $5.8{\sim}6.0%$) and monoacylglcerol (MG, $1.1{\sim}1.3%$). The main lipids in PL was phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE, $58.3{\sim}6.02%$) followed by phosphatidyl choline (PC, $17.3{\sim}19.5%$), cardiolipin (CA, $12.8{\sim}14.0%$) and lyso-phophatidyl choline (LPD, $4.8{\sim}6.6%$). Fatty acid composition was significantly different among TL, NL, GL and PL contained in cap and stalk. The main fatty acids was $C_{18:2}$ followed by $C_{16:0}$ and $C_{18:1}$ acids. The TL contents in cap and stalk of fresh 'Donko' were 3.7% and 2.5%. The changes of TL contents, PoV by drying were not almost observed. AV(acid value) of TL in the sun dried samples was a little lower than those of the fresh and hot air dried samples, on the contrary NL content in TL of the former was a little higher than those of the latters. The main lipid in NL of the three samples was TG followed by SE, ST, DG, MG and free fatty acid (FFA). In the above lipids, FFA contents in NL of the sun dried sample was a little higher than those of the fresh and hot air dried samples, but TG content in NL of former was a little lower than those of the latters. The main lipid in GL of the three samples was digalactosydiglycerol (DGDG) followed by acylsterylglucoside(ASG), sterylglucoside (SG), monogalactosyldiglycerol (MGD) and cerebroside (CER). Influence of drying on these lipid content were nol almost recognized. The main lipid in PL of the three samples was PE followed by PC, CA, LPC and phosphat idyl serine (PS). In the above lipids, PE and PC contents in PL of the sun dried one were a little lower than those of the fresh and hot air dried ones. The main fatty acid in TL, NL, GL and PL of the three samples was $C_{18:2}$ followed by $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1}$. The $C_{18:2}$ acid contents of the sun dried sample was a little lower than those of the fresh and hot air dried ones, while $C_{16:0}$ content of the former was a little higher than those of the former was a little lower than those of the latters.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.1029-1034
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• 2012

In this study, we compared the antioxidant activities of three loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) by cultivars (Daebang, Bubang and native cultivar). The leaves were extracted by 80% ethanol and then fractionated with various solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) for biological activities and bioactive compounds analysis. Total polyphenol content of extracts and fractions was in the range of 84.93~478.50 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE). From highest to lowest GAE, the fractions were n-butanol> ethyl acetate> n-hexane> 80% ethanol> water. Among the three cultivars, the highest polyphenol content was found from native cultivar. As for DPPH radical scavenging activity, the n-butanol fraction showed the highest activity, and native cultivar was the highest on the $IC_{50}$ values (0.18 mg/mL). In the nitrite scavenging activity, the ethyl acetate fraction (54.99~60.86%) showed the most effective activity on the Bubang cultivar was higher than others. The ursolic acid content of the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest (51.41 mg/g) in the Daebang cultivar. Based on all these results;the Bubang cultivar showed relatively higher antioxidant and nitrite scavenging activities, but the ursolic acid content was higher in the Daebang cultivar. These results suggest that extracts from loquats (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) can be used as bioactive and functional materials that could be important information for industrial use in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1344-1349
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Welsh onion administration on $CCl_4$-induced hepatic injury in rats. The increasing rate of the body and organ weight was not significantly different by the ad-ministration of the Welsh onion. Welsh onion (2, 4, $10\%$ w/w) was given for 4 weeks with the injections of $CCl_4$. Total serum lipid was significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared to $CCl_4$ only treatment group (p<0.05). The Welsh onion from winter season was more protective effect by lowering the serum levels of transminase (SGOT and SGPT) compared with others, the levels of transminase - phosphatase (ALP) in serum. The Welsh onion from winter at a dose of $4\%,\;10\%$ (w/w) showed significantly hepatoprotective activity which was comparable to that $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damage. Histological evaluation showed that Welsh onion partially prevented $CCl_4$-induced inflammation, necrosis and vacuolation. Pretreatment of Welsh onion reduced extent of the necrosis found 24 hr after the intraperitoneal administration of $CCl_4$. The present study shows the liver protective action of the Welsh onion against experimentally induced liver damage in rats. This suggests that the Welsh onion may be used as an effective hepatoprotective agent.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2017

A duplex RT-PCR (dRT-PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of non-virulent and virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in a single PCR tube. Primers targeting the large polymerase protein (L) gene and the fusion protein (F) gene of NDV were designed to detect all NDVs (by common type PCR primers) and virulent NDVs (by pathotype PCR primers), respectively and evaluated experimentally with reference NDV strains and other poultry viral pathogens. PCR products of the expected size of 386 bp were amplified from all NDV samples whereas PCR products of the expected size of 229 bp were amplified from virulent NDV samples alone. Cross reaction was not observed with other avian viral pathogens. The detection limit of NDV by the dRT-PCR was estimated to be $10^3$ 50% egg infectious dose/0.1 mL. In the dRT-PCR using field isolates of NDV, the pathotype PCR primers detected specifically all of virulent field isolates of NDV from Malaysia, Pakistan and China whereas common type PCR primers detected 94.4% (51/54) of field isolates of NDV from China. Three Chinese NDV isolates with false negative result were non-virulent viruses. Our results indicate that the dRT-PCR might provide a rapid and simple tool for rapid simultaneous detection and discrimination of non-virulent and virulent NDVs. Therefore the developed dRT-PCR assay provides a powerful novel means for the rapid diagnosis of Newcastle disease.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of sawdust bedding barn on manure handing, management labour and physiological aspect of dairy cows, and then to establish the criteria on the optimum utilization method of sawdust bedding barn. 46 tie stall barns and 49 sawdust bedding barns were surveyed to cmopare the milk productivity between two different barns, and also 5 tie stall barns, 15 sawdust bedding barns and 1 rice hull bedding barn were selected to study the utilization situation of sawdust barn in Kyung-Ki province area. The major results obtained were as follows; 1. The roof material of sawdust barn were consisted of 66% vinyl house, 23% PVC light and 11% slate and galvanum coated tin. Most of the floor structure was earth ground with the rate of the approximately 82%. 2. The average occupied area of sawdust bed per cow was 15.2 $m^2$, depth that 30 cm and the utilization period was 12 months. 3. Milk Yield was significantly higher at sawdust barn than at tie stall barn(P<0.01). Bacterial and somatic cell count in raw milk were less at the sawdust barn than in tie stall barn. However, there was not significance difference between two barns. 4. The labour hour needed to cow management in the sawdust barn was approximately 48% of that of tie stall barn. 5. The temperature and moisture content measured in sawdust bed were closely affected by seasonal ambient temperature. The skin and hair of cow were much cleaner at the PVC light roofed sawdust barn than any other roof materials. 6. The additives used for improving of fermentation did not show any effect on temperature and moisture content in sawdust bed. When the ambient temperature was $30.4^{\circ}C$, the surface temperature of measured 1 cm above the sawdust bed was $12.2^{\circ}C$ lower and the temperature of 100 cm above the sawdust bed was $2.4^{\circ}C lower under shading net facility than that of vinyl roofed one.7. The hoof length of miking cow was 7.95 cm in tie stall and 9.19 cm in sawdust barn with high significance (P<0.01). And disease occurence such as mastitis and foot-rot tended to decrease in the sawdust barn. 8. The number of total bacteria and coliform bacteria were less in the sawdust bed compared with earth ground resting area. And a parasite strongyloides papillosus was detected but without any infected cow. 9. The nitrate($NO_3N$) content in non-roofed earth ground resting area and earth ground under the sawdust bed was likely to pollute the ground water. 10. In economic point of view, rice hull bedding barn was the cheapest among different systems. And in the sawdust bedding barn PVC light + slate roofed barn was most desirable, and vinyl roofed one the least.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.91-114
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• 1981

This research was carried out from July to August, 1981, to analyse the true state of management, the skill of production, the structure of consciousness about the selected 294 poultry$.$farms, and to know about their bottlenecks and suggestions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. As for manager's ages, 31 to 45 years old men rate was 67.76%. upper 50years old men 15.94%. 2. 79.9% of farm omen possess attainments equal to or higher than those of upper secondary school graduates. 3. In poultry farming career of the investigated person, layer chicken industry was longer than broiler. 4. Occupations of farm owners before. doing poultry farming were farmers(32.35%), company employees, civil servants and soldiers, etc. 5. 58.62% of the person ran only poultry farming and the rest of them held the additional office of a farmer and a public officer. 6. There were many people who made a speciality of poultry farming holding additional jobs as dairy farming, cultivating crops, gardening, etc. 7. 42.35% of the person began poultry farming with under 1,000 layer chickens. And the rate of the ones with 1,000-2,000 broilers for the first time consisted 40.95% 8. Present breeding scale was that the rate of the farmers having 5,000-10,000 layer chickens was 37.13% and the ones having 5,000-10,000 broilers 38.32%. 9. The rate of the person supplying self-labor was 23.16%, the person having 1.3 employees 51.47% and the ones having under 20 employees 1.47%. 10. 74.26% of the poultry farms used very good quality of baby chicks. 11. The rate of the farms which used chicken feed making the point of the quality of it was 65.47% and the ones which bought it on credit 26.62%. 12. 65.47% bought feed directly from factories and 26.62% bought it from commercial agents. 13. The rate of the layer chicken farms paying for feed in cash was 19.39% and the broiler farms 32.74%. Most of the farms bought feed on credit by 30-60 days. 14. They bought the medicine for chicken from animal drug stores or veterinary hospitals. 15. The rate of the person posting up accounts roughly was 47.52% and that of the ones doing them detaily was 43.57%, 40% did not do them because of bother and only 21.22% had their own cashbooks.