• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of Catalpa Ovata on the collagen-induced arthritis in the lewis rats. and we infere the effects of Catalpa Ovata on the rheumatoid arthritis in the human body. Methods : We investigated the effect of Catalpa Ovata on the Collagen-induced arthritis in Lewis rats via morphology, histology and serology as an experimental group, a control group, and a normal group. We feed Catalpa Ovata. only to an experimental group. Results : According to this research, the abnormal finding In Moire topography was 53.7% (1,018 students), and students needed X-ray re-examination were 11.2% (213 students). Students diagnosed scoliosis by X-ray re-examination were 1.8%. According to statistical analysis, interval between vertical base line of pelvis and vertical base line of neck, gap between left distance and right distance to the vertical base line of pelvis and difference of contour lines have strong correlations with deformity degree of the body surface examined by Moire. Conclusions : 1. The weight of an experimental group were lower than control group with statistically significant at 15 days later. 2, The paw edema volume of an experimental group were lower than control group at 10 days, 15 days later. but couldn't be found meaning. 3. The size of the tarsal joint of an experimental group were lower than control group at 5 days, 10 days, 15 days later, but couldn't be found meaning. 4. The volume of tumor necrosis factor-a at an experimental group were lower than control group with statistically significant. 5. The volume of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ at an experimental group were lower than control group with statistically significant. 6. An experimental group and a control group were showed ankylosing osteoarthritis, but an experimental group compared with a control group, alleviated In the fibrous ankylosis, destruction of articular cartilage and destruction of subchondral bony tissue. According to the above results, it might be considered that Catalpa Ovata has the suppression of the advance of the Collagen-induced arthritis and that result were presumed to bo connected with suppression of volume of the tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and $interleukin-1{\beta}$ in the blood.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.509-517
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• 2016

In terms of bridge construction, the concrete deck slab is weak members compared to beam members of the bridge supports. Deck slabs must be sound to support and distribute vehicle loads. If slabs are not enough to support the loads, it should be replaced. Bridge deck replacement has been an important industry over the world since the construction is simplified to shorten construction time and to save construction costs. Slab module provides a quickly, easily and reliably construction method in order to avoid high cost and minimum traffic disruption. in addition, slab module shows high reliability since they are factory products. However, slab module should be considered in the performance under various loads. In this study, structural analysis is performed to evaluate the performance of slab module under vehicle loads and temperature loads. Spiral rebar is also utilized around the vertical joints to improve the structural integrity under the lifting loads. In order to confirm the weak area of slab module for the lift condition, numerical analysis has been performed.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.129-143
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• 2007

We have studied orientational characteristics of microcracks in Mesozoic granites and granitic dyke rocks from Seokmo-do, Ganghwa-gun. Microcracks on horizontal surfaces of rock samples from 14 sites were investigated by image processing. Orientations of these microcracks compared with those of 18 sets of joints in Mesozoic granites from Seokmo-do. From the related chart, microcrack sets show strong preferred orientations which obviously are coincident with the direction of vertical common joints. It follows that the formation of macroscopic joints may be the results of further growth and step-wise jointing of pre-existing microcracks. Orientations of microcracks from this result also compared with those of vertical rift and grain planes for Jurassic and Cretaceous granite quarries in Korea. As shown in the distribution chart, the congruence of distribution pattern among microcracks and rift and grain planes suggests that similar microcrack systems probably occur regionally in Jurassic and Cretaceous granites from Korea. In particular, whole domain of the distribution chart was divided into 16 groups in terms of the phases of distribution of microcracks and planes. These microcrack sets in each domains construct complex composite microcrack systems which have formed progressively by different geologic processes and under varying conditions.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic quantitative factors required of a forehand counter drive in table tennis through 3-D analysis. Four national table tennis players participated in this study. The mean of elapsed time for total drive motion was $1.009{\pm}0.23\;s$. At the phase of impact B1 was the fastest as 0.075 s. This may affect efficiency in the initial velocity and spin of the ball by making a powerful counter drive. The pattern of center of mass showed that it moved back and returned to where it was then moved forward. At the back swing, lower stance made wide base of support and a stronger and safer stance. It may help increasing the ball spin. Angle of the elbow was extended up to $110.75{\pm}1.25^{\circ}$ at the back swing and the angle decreased by $93.75{\pm}3.51^{\circ}$ at impact. Decreased rotation range of swinging arm increased linear velocity of racket-head and impulse on the ball. Eventually it led more spin to the ball and maximized the ball speed. Angle of knee joint decreased from ready position to back swing, then increased from the moment of the impact and decreased at the follow thorough. The velocity of racket-head was the fastest at impact of phase 2. Horizontal velocity was $7796.5{\pm}362\;mm/s$ and vertical velocity was $4589.4{\pm}298.4\;mm/s$ at the moment. It may help increase the speed and spin of the ball in a moment. The means of each ground reaction force result showed maximum at the back swing(E2) except A2. Vertical ground reaction force means suggest that all males and females showed maximum vertical power(E2), The maximum power of means was $499.7{\pm}38.8\;N$ for male players and $519.5{\pm}136.7\;N$ for female players.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.165-174
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• 2007

The subject of this study was male apparatus gymnastics athlete who had scored high points doing basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars. Then 3D motion analysis were used to calculate & analyse kinematic variables of Basket with 1/2 turn to Handstand. 1. The total average time spent for Basket with 1/2 turn took $2.16{\pm}.08sec$, at the downward upward phase took $.58{\pm}0.00sec$, $.23{\pm}.00sec$, at flight phase took $.28{\pm}.01sec$, at connected area phase took $.72{\pm}0.21sec$, at rotation area phase took $.35{\pm}.14sec$. To have a successful performance, there should be faster speed and velocity to rotate at the downward upward phase, then the upward velocity and height must be used adequately. Moreover, the speed must be faster at the flight connect phase to stabilize Center of Mass(CM) for the body, and must secure more time at the rotation area to have more stable performance. 2. After handstand on parallel bars while moving CM to right hand side, and It must be performed with big and magnificent performance with putting both hand's center to far away from the parallel bars. 3. Furthermore, CM must be moved fast from downwards to right hand side, and CM must be moved fast in vertical movement at upward and flight phase to avoid CM from moving back and forth, and left and right. 4. At downwards, the subject must rotate as bis as possible using hip-joint as wide as possible and at upwards, must put his body to vertical to have stable performance. While rotating or turning, it is better to do with bigger shoulder angle and have to make sure that trunk angle must be not scattered. To perform better and more positive in basket with 1/2 turn on parallel bars, the centrifugal force must be used big and fast at downward, and at upward and flight phase, downward movement must change to vertical movement as soon as possible while turning movement must happen at handstand position. Time spent must be shorten at connected area to stabilize CM and turning must be natural as possible while securing the necessary time of movement to well-balanced. Also, the body must be vertically closed from the ground.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to investigate true hinge axis location with different times (8:00-9:00 A.M.,2:00-3:00 P.M.) and with experienced and inexperienced groups. 25 subjects, 23-27 years of age , with functionally acceptable occlusion, and no clinical signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction were participated in this study. In this study arbitrary hinge axis point was located 13 mm anterior to the posterior margin of the tragus on a line from the center of the tragus to the outer canthus of the eye and then the true hinge axis point was located with T.M.J. hinge axis locator. The discrepancies of distance and the direction between true hinge axis point and arbitrary hinge axis point were studied according to times and two groups. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The mean distance from arbitrary hinge axis point to the true hinge axis point on the right and left sides was as follows : Experienced group: linear distance: $1.228{\pm}3.145mm$, vertical distance: $-1.128{\pm}2.515mm$, horizontal distance: $-0.484{\pm}1.806mm$. Inexperience group: linear distance: $1.628{\pm}3.158mm$, vertical distance: $-1.169{\pm}2.090mm$, horizontal distance: $-1.133{\pm}2.367mm$. Horizontal distance between experienced and inexperienced groups was significant statistically. (P<0.1) 2. True hinge axis points located within 5 mm of arbitrary hinge axis point were 86.7% in the experienced group and 84% in the inexperienced group. 3. For experienced operator A with time, the mean distance from arbitrary hinge axis point to true hinge axis point was as follows: Horizontal distance: AM: $-0.613{\pm}1.966mm$, PM: $-0.860{\pm}2.156mm$. Vertical distance: AM: $-0.886{\pm}2.518mm$, PM : $-1.226{\pm}2.660mm$. True hinge axis points had tendency to be located posterior-inferiorly to tragus-canthus line in the afternoon than in the morning, but there was not significant statistically. (P>0.1)

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2015

Objective : Walking with a Material handling is an activity frequently undertaken by agricultural workers in Korea, due to the nature of their work. This study aimed to investigate differences in biomechanical variables according to the mechanical alignment of the lower limbs when walking with a heavy load, and to use this as basic data in the design of various working environments to reduce the skeletomuscular burden on the knee joint. Method : The study subjects comprised of 22 right-foot dominant adult men and women aged between 20 and 23 years. The subjects were divided into a varus or valgus group according to the mechanical alignment of the lower limb by using radiographic findings. The subjects walked without any load and with a load of 10%, 20%, or 30% of their body weight held in front of them. The Kwon3d XP program was used to calculate biomechanical variables. Results : The flexion/extension moment of the knee joint showed a decreasing trend with increased load, irrespective of the mechanical alignment of the lower limb, while the varus group did not show normal compensatory action when supported by one leg at the point of maximum vertical ground reaction force. In addition, in terms of the time taken, subjects showed no difficulties in one-foot support time up to 20%/BW, but at 30%/BW, despite individual differences, there was an increase in single limb. The increased load resulted in a decrease in the ratio of standing phase to ensure physical stability. The valgus group showed a trend of increasing the stability of their center of mass with increasing load, through higher braking power in the early standing phase. Conclusion : In conclusion, although there was no statistical difference in biomechanical variables according to the mechanical alignment of the lower limbs, the varus group showed a more irregular walking pattern with a Material handling than the valgus group, partially proving the association between lower limb alignment and walking with a Material handling.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic variables of three types of volleyball jump blocking motions through 3D video analysis. The subjects participated in this study were 7 male university volleyball players and 7 male physical education majors. 1. Regardless of blocking types, peak vertical velocity and jump height in the skilled group were faster and higher than the unskilled group. 2. The skilled group was flexed lower than the unskilled group at E2 of the hip, knee, and ankle joint during the cross over step blocking. 3. In all types of step, the peak angular velocity of the hip, knee, and ankle joint was showed at E2. 4. The skilled group was slower than the unskilled group at E2 of the angular velocity of the hip, knee, and ankle joint during cross over step blocking. In conclusion, the cross over step blocking in which the use of the upper extremities was relatively more available was effective to improve a defence skill for the jump height.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.113-122
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• 1998

Stabilization splint therapy Precedes orthodontic intervention to enable the operator to find a 'true' centric(which is stable and comfortable), to test the patient's response to a change in the occlusion, prior to embarking upon a complex course of occlusal therapy : and finally, to see if the centric relation position can be stabilized. For this study, 47 malocclusion Patients enrolled for orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chosun University comprised the malocclusion group, little variation of growth factor by the second molar eruption. They had Cr-Co discrepancy beyond normal range. For each patients the stabilization splint with mutually protected type of occlusal scheme was applied for 3 months. Condylar positions in CR and CO were measured using Penadent articulators, Panadent condylar position indicator(CPI), and transcranial projection before & after stabilization splint therapy. On the basis of this study, the results of this study were as follows 1. In all samples using CPI, there were statistical significances in CR-CO discrepancy(p<0.001) both before 8t after stabilization splint therapy. 2. In Rt and Lt+Rt/2 of superior joint space using transcranial projection, there were statistical significances in CR-CO discrepancy({<0.05) before & after stabilization splint therapy. 3. In supero-inferior components using CPI, there were statistical significances in CR-CO discrepancy(p<0.01) before & after stabilization splint therapy. 4. In all components except Rt using transcranial projection, there were no statistical significances in CR-CO discrepancy(p>0.05) before & after stabilization splint therapy. To sum up, CPI might be more effective than transcranial projection to reveal the changes between CR-CO discrepancies and stabilization splint might be more useful appliance for displaying the vertical changes, than the antero-posterior changes, of condylar position.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2010

The Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang (National Treasure No. 84) consists of light gray and coarse to mediumgrained biotite granite with partly developed pegmatite and quartz vein. The host rock is divided into dozens of rock blocks with various shape along irregular discontinuity plane. The evaluation results of discontinuity systems reveal that the host rock were exposed to instable sloping environments. Results of deterioration diagnosis show that the degree of damage has been made worse by physical weathering and surface discoloration laying stress on part that vertical and horizontal joints are massed. Generally, deterioration rate of the triad Buddha surface cover with 42.7%, however, the rate of physical weathering and surface discoloration are subdivided to 9.6% and 33.1%, respectively. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that the triad Buddha was reached highly weathered grade in general. And the rock material was weaken to show low velocity zone of 1,000m/s along irregular joint systems. Indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity of the shelter was recorded more than 70% during every season, and high frequency appears in high relative humidity range over 95%. Such environments seem to have produced dew condensation on the rock surface with rainfall and supply water, promoted physical, chemical and biological weathering along crack and joint, resulting in high permeation of water and percentage of water content. Therefore, it is judged that for scientific conservation of the triad Buddha it needs environment control through persistent preservation environment monitoring including water problem.