• Title/Summary/Keyword: Vehicle communication

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Replay Attack based Neutralization Method for DJI UAV Detection/Identification Systems (DJI UAV 탐지·식별 시스템 대상 재전송 공격 기반 무력화 방식)

  • Seungoh Seo;Yonggu Lee;Sehoon Lee;Seongyeol Oh;Junyoung Son
    • Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.133-143
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    • 2023
  • As drones (also known as UAV) become popular with advanced information and communication technology (ICT), they have been utilized for various fields (agriculture, architecture, and so on). However, malicious attackers with advanced drones may pose a threat to critical national infrastructures. Thus, anti-drone systems have been developed to respond to drone threats. In particular, remote identification data (R-ID)-based UAV detection and identification systems that detect and identify illegal drones with R-ID broadcasted by drones have been developed, and are widely employed worldwide. However, this R-ID-based UAV detection/identification system is vulnerable to security due to wireless broadcast characteristics. In this paper, we analyze the security vulnerabilities of DJI Aeroscope, a representative example of the R-ID-based UAV detection and identification system, and propose a replay-attack-based neutralization method using the analyzed vulnerabilities. To validate the proposed method, it is implemented as a software program, and verified against four types of attacks in real test environments. The results demonstrate that the proposed neutralization method is an effective neutralization method for R-ID-based UAV detection and identification systems.

DVB-S2-based T4 class common data link performance improvement plan for UAV system application (무인기 체계 적용을 위한 DVB-S2 기반 T4급 공용데이터링크 성능 개선방안)

  • Bae, Jongtae;Baek, Seongho;Oh, Jimyung;Lee, Sangpill;Song, Choongho
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.26 no.12
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    • pp.1846-1854
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    • 2022
  • The sophistication and diversification of mission equipment for surveillance and reconnaissance is leading to a demand for large-capacity public data links. Overseas, a T4 class(274Mbps) common data link was applied to the Global hwak, a high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle, and various research and development are being conducted in Korea. In this paper, we propose a structure in which pilot is additionally applied to improve SNR performance while minimizing data transmission rate loss in the DVB-S2 frame structure, which is a european satellite broadcasting standard, for high-capacity transmission of T4 class or higher in the common data link. For the performance evaluation of the proposed structure, the performance of the DVB-S2 was compared and analyzed by simulating the UAV data link channel environment. As a result of simulation, 0.15% of transmission rate loss occurred at T4 class transmission rate compared to DVB-S2 in the proposed structure, but improved SNR reception performance of 0.2~0.3dB was confirmed in the UAV channel environment.

A 2×2 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing 5G Signal Reception in a 500 km/h High-Speed Vehicle using an Augmented Channel Matrix Generated by a Delay and Doppler Profiler

  • Suguru Kuniyoshi;Rie Saotome;Shiho Oshiro;Tomohisa Wada
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • v.23 no.10
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2023
  • This paper proposes a method to extend Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) canceling Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) receivers for 5G mobile systems to spatial multiplexing 2×2 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems to support high-speed ground transportation services by linear motor cars traveling at 500 km/h. In Japan, linear-motor high-speed ground transportation service is scheduled to begin in 2027. To expand the coverage area of base stations, 5G mobile systems in high-speed moving trains will have multiple base station antennas transmitting the same downlink (DL) signal, forming an expanded cell size along the train rails. 5G terminals in a fast-moving train can cause the forward and backward antenna signals to be Doppler-shifted in opposite directions, so the receiver in the train may have trouble estimating the exact channel transfer function (CTF) for demodulation. A receiver in such high-speed train sees the transmission channel which is composed of multiple Doppler-shifted propagation paths. Then, a loss of sub-carrier orthogonality due to Doppler-spread channels causes ICI. The ICI Canceller is realized by the following three steps. First, using the Demodulation Reference Symbol (DMRS) pilot signals, it analyzes three parameters such as attenuation, relative delay, and Doppler-shift of each multi-path component. Secondly, based on the sets of three parameters, Channel Transfer Function (CTF) of sender sub-carrier number n to receiver sub-carrier number l is generated. In case of n≠l, the CTF corresponds to ICI factor. Thirdly, since ICI factor is obtained, by applying ICI reverse operation by Multi-Tap Equalizer, ICI canceling can be realized. ICI canceling performance has been simulated assuming severe channel condition such as 500 km/h, 8 path reverse Doppler Shift for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM modulations. In particular, 2×2MIMO QPSK and 16QAM modulation schemes, BER (Bit Error Rate) improvement was observed when the number of taps in the multi-tap equalizer was set to 31 or more taps, at a moving speed of 500 km/h and in an 8-pass reverse doppler shift environment.

Unsupervised Learning-Based Threat Detection System Using Radio Frequency Signal Characteristic Data (무선 주파수 신호 특성 데이터를 사용한 비지도 학습 기반의 위협 탐지 시스템)

  • Dae-kyeong Park;Woo-jin Lee;Byeong-jin Kim;Jae-yeon Lee
    • Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.147-155
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    • 2024
  • Currently, the 4th Industrial Revolution, like other revolutions, is bringing great change and new life to humanity, and in particular, the demand for and use of drones, which can be applied by combining various technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and information and communications technology, is increasing. Recently, it has been widely used to carry out dangerous military operations and missions, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and North Korea's reconnaissance against South Korea, and as the demand for and use of drones increases, concerns about the safety and security of drones are growing. Currently, a variety of research is being conducted, such as detection of wireless communication abnormalities and sensor data abnormalities related to drones, but research on real-time detection of threats using radio frequency characteristic data is insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct a study to determine whether the characteristic data is normal or abnormal signal data by collecting radio frequency signal characteristic data generated while the drone communicates with the ground control system while performing a mission in a HITL(Hardware In The Loop) simulation environment similar to the real environment. proceeded. In addition, we propose an unsupervised learning-based threat detection system and optimal threshold that can detect threat signals in real time while a drone is performing a mission.

Legal Study for the KSLV launching - Products & Third Party Liability - (KSLV발사에 따른 제작 및 제3자피해 책임에 대한 우주법적 소고)

  • Shin, Sung-Hwan
    • The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.169-189
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    • 2006
  • In 2007, KSLV(Korea Small Launching Vehicle) that we made at Goheung National Space Center is going to launch and promotes of our space exploration systematically and 'Space Exploration Promotion Act' was enter into force. 'Space Exploration Promotion Act' article 3, section 1, as is prescribing "Korean government keeps the space treaties contracted with other countries and international organizations and pursues after peaceful uses of outer space." The representative international treaties are Outer Space Treaty (1967) and Liability Convention (1972) etc. In Liability convention article 2, "A launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the earth or to aircraft in flight. The important content of the art. 2 is the responsible entity is the 'State' not the 'Company'. According by Korean Space Exploration Act art. 14, person who launches space objects according to art. 8 and art. 11 must bear the liability for damages owing to space accidents of the space objects. Could Korean government apply the Products Liability Act which is enter into force from July 1, 2002 to space launching person? And what is the contact type between Korea Aerospace Research Institute(KARl) and Russia manufacturer. Is that a Co-Development contract or Licence Product contract? And there is no exemption clause to waive the Russia manufacturer's liability which we could find it from other similar contract condition. If there is no exemption clause to the Russia manufacturer, could we apply the Korean Products Liability Act to Russia one? The most important legal point is whether we could apply the Korean Products Liability Act to the main component company. According by the art. 17 of the contract between KARl and the company, KARl already apply the Products Liability Act to the main component company. For reference, we need to examine the Appalachian Insurance co. v. McDonnell Douglas case, this case is that long distance electricity communication satellite of Western Union Telegraph company possessions fails on track entry. In Western Union's insurance company supplied to Western Union with insurance of $ 105 millions, which has the satellite regard as entirely damage. Five insurance companies -Appalachian insurance company, Commonwealth insurance company, Industrial Indemnity, Mutual Marine Office, Northbrook Excess & Surplus insurance company- went to court against McDonnell Douglases, Morton Thiokol and Hitco company to inquire for fault and strict liability of product. By the Appalachian Insurance co. v. McDonnell Douglas case, KARl should waiver the main component's product liability burden. And we could study the possibility of the adapt 'Government Contractor Defense' theory to the main component company.

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Assessment of Positioning Accuracy of UAV Photogrammetry based on RTK-GPS (RTK-GPS 무인항공사진측량의 위치결정 정확도 평가)

  • Lee, Jae-One;Sung, Sang-Min
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.63-68
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    • 2018
  • The establishment of Ground Control Points (GCPs) in UAV-Photogrammetry is a working process that requires the most time and expenditure. Recently, the rapid developments of navigation sensors and communication technologies have enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to conduct photogrammetric mapping without using GCP because of the availability of new methods such as RTK (Real Time Kinematic) and PPK (Post Processed Kinematic) technology. In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of RTK-UAV mapping with no GCPs compared to that of non RTK-UAV mapping. The positioning accuracy results produced by images obtained simultaneously from the two different types of UAVs were compared and analyzed. One was a RTK-UAV without GCPs and the other was a non RTK-UAV with different numbers of GCPs. The images were taken with a Canon IXUS 127 camera (focal length 4.3mm, pixel size $1.3{\mu}m$) at a flying height of approximately 160m, corresponding to a nominal GSD of approximately 4.7cm. As a result, the RMSE (planimetric/vertical) of positional accuracy according to the number of GCPs by the non-RTK method was 4.8cm/8.2cm with 5 GCPs, 5.4cm/10.3cm with 4 GCPs, and 6.2cm/12.0cm with 3 GCPs. In the case of non RTK-UAV photogrammetry with no GCP, the positioning accuracy was decreased greatly to approximately 112.9 cm and 204.6 cm in the horizontal and vertical coordinates, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the RTK method with no ground control point, the errors in the planimetric and vertical position coordinates were reduced remarkably to 13.1cm and 15.7cm, respectively, compared to the non-RTK method. Overall, UAV photogrammetry supported by RTK-GPS technology, enabling precise positioning without a control point, is expected to be useful in the field of spatial information in the future.

Smart Electric Mobility Operating System Integrated with Off-Grid Solar Power Plants in Tanzania: Vision and Trial Run (탄자니아의 태양광 발전소와 통합된 전기 모빌리티 운영 시스템 : 비전과 시범운행)

  • Rhee, Hyop-Seung;Im, Hyuck-Soon;Manongi, Frank Andrew;Shin, Young-In;Song, Ho-Won;Jung, Woo-Kyun;Ahn, Sung-Hoon
    • Journal of Appropriate Technology
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.127-135
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    • 2021
  • To respond to the threat of global warming, countries around the world are promoting the spread of renewable energy and reduction of carbon emissions. In accordance with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal to combat climate change and its impacts, global automakers are pushing for a full transition to electric vehicles within the next 10 years. Electric vehicles can be a useful means for reducing carbon emissions, but in order to reduce carbon generated in the stage of producing electricity for charging, a power generation system using eco-friendly renewable energy is required. In this study, we propose a smart electric mobility operating system integrated with off-grid solar power plants established in Tanzania, Africa. By applying smart monitoring and communication functions based on Arduino-based computing devices, information such as remaining battery capacity, battery status, location, speed, altitude, and road conditions of an electric vehicle or electric motorcycle is monitored. In addition, we present a scenario that communicates with the surrounding independent solar power plant infrastructure to predict the drivable distance and optimize the charging schedule and route to the destination. The feasibility of the proposed system was verified through test runs of electric motorcycles. In considering local environmental characteristics in Tanzania for the operation of the electric mobility system, factors such as eco-friendliness, economic feasibility, ease of operation, and compatibility should be weighed. The smart electric mobility operating system proposed in this study can be an important basis for implementing the SDGs' climate change response.

Analysis of Tourism Popularity Using T-map Search andSome Trend Data: Focusing on Chuncheon-city, Gangwon-province (T맵 검색지와 썸트랜드 데이터를 이용한 관광인기도분석: 강원도 춘천을 중심으로)

  • TaeWoo Kim;JaeHee Cho
    • Journal of Service Research and Studies
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.25-35
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    • 2022
  • Covid-19, of which the first patient in Korea occurred in January 2020, has affected various fields. Of these, the tourism sector might havebeen hit the hardest. In particular, since tourism-based industrial structure forms the basis of the region, Gangwon-province, and the tourism industry is the main source of income for small businesses and small enterprises, the damage is great. To check the situation and extent of such damage, targeting the Chuncheon region, where public access is the most convenient among the Gangwon regions, one-day tours are possible using public transportation from Seoul and the metropolitan area, with a general image that low expense tourism is recognized as possible, this study conducted empirical analysis through data analysis. For this, the general status of the region was checked based on the visitor data of Chuncheon city provided by the tourist information system, and to check the levels ofinterest in 2019, before Covid-19, and in 2020, after Covid-19, by comparing keywords collected from the web service sometrend of Vibe Company Inc., a company specializing in keyword collection, with SK Telecom's T-map search site data, which in parallel provides in-vehicle navigation service and communication service, this study analyzed the general regional image of Chuncheon-city. In addition, by comparing data from two years by developing a tourism popularity index applying keywords and T-map search site data, this study examined how much the Covid-19 situation affected the level of interest of visitors to the Chuncheon area leading to actual visits using a data analysis approach. According to the results of big data analysis applying the tourism popularity index after designing the data mart, this study confirmed that the effect of the Covid-19 situation on tourism popularity in Chuncheon-city, Gangwon-provincewas not significant, and confirmed the image of tourist destinations based on the regional characteristics of the region. It is hoped that the results of this research and analysis can be used as useful reference data for tourism economic policy making.

If This Brand Were a Person, or Anthropomorphism of Brands Through Packaging Stories (가설품패시인(假设品牌是人), 혹통과고사포장장품패의인화(或通过故事包装将品牌拟人化))

  • Kniazeva, Maria;Belk, Russell W.
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.231-238
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    • 2010
  • The anthropomorphism of brands, defined as seeing human beings in brands (Puzakova, Kwak, and Rosereto, 2008) is the focus of this study. Specifically, the research objective is to understand the ways in which brands are rendered humanlike. By analyzing consumer readings of stories found on food product packages we intend to show how marketers and consumers humanize a spectrum of brands and create meanings. Our research question considers the possibility that a single brand may host multiple or single meanings, associations, and personalities for different consumers. We start by highlighting the theoretical and practical significance of our research, explain why we turn our attention to packages as vehicles of brand meaning transfer, then describe our qualitative methodology, discuss findings, and conclude with a discussion of managerial implications and directions for future studies. The study was designed to directly expose consumers to potential vehicles of brand meaning transfer and then engage these consumers in free verbal reflections on their perceived meanings. Specifically, we asked participants to read non-nutritional stories on selected branded food packages, in order to elicit data about received meanings. Packaging has yet to receive due attention in consumer research (Hine, 1995). Until now, attention has focused solely on its utilitarian function and has generated a body of research that has explored the impact of nutritional information and claims on consumer perceptions of products (e.g., Loureiro, McCluskey and Mittelhammer, 2002; Mazis and Raymond, 1997; Nayga, Lipinski and Savur, 1998; Wansik, 2003). An exception is a recent study that turns its attention to non-nutritional packaging narratives and treats them as cultural productions and vehicles for mythologizing the brand (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007). The next step in this stream of research is to explore how such mythologizing activity affects brand personality perception and how these perceptions relate to consumers. These are the questions that our study aimed to address. We used in-depth interviews to help overcome the limitations of quantitative studies. Our convenience sample was formed with the objective of providing demographic and psychographic diversity in order to elicit variations in consumer reflections to food packaging stories. Our informants represent middle-class residents of the US and do not exhibit extreme alternative lifestyles described by Thompson as "cultural creatives" (2004). Nine people were individually interviewed on their food consumption preferences and behavior. Participants were asked to have a look at the twelve displayed food product packages and read all the textual information on the package, after which we continued with questions that focused on the consumer interpretations of the reading material (Scott and Batra, 2003). On average, each participant reflected on 4-5 packages. Our in-depth interviews lasted one to one and a half hours each. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed, providing 140 pages of text. The products came from local grocery stores on the West Coast of the US and represented a basic range of food product categories, including snacks, canned foods, cereals, baby foods, and tea. The data were analyzed using procedures for developing grounded theory delineated by Strauss and Corbin (1998). As a result, our study does not support the notion of one brand/one personality as assumed by prior work. Thus, we reveal multiple brand personalities peacefully cohabiting in the same brand as seen by different consumers, despite marketer attempts to create more singular brand personalities. We extend Fournier's (1998) proposition, that one's life projects shape the intensity and nature of brand relationships. We find that these life projects also affect perceived brand personifications and meanings. While Fournier provides a conceptual framework that links together consumers’ life themes (Mick and Buhl, 1992) and relational roles assigned to anthropomorphized brands, we find that consumer life projects mold both the ways in which brands are rendered humanlike and the ways in which brands connect to consumers' existential concerns. We find two modes through which brands are anthropomorphized by our participants. First, brand personalities are created by seeing them through perceived demographic, psychographic, and social characteristics that are to some degree shared by consumers. Second, brands in our study further relate to consumers' existential concerns by either being blended with consumer personalities in order to connect to them (the brand as a friend, a family member, a next door neighbor) or by distancing themselves from the brand personalities and estranging them (the brand as a used car salesman, a "bunch of executives.") By focusing on food product packages, we illuminate a very specific, widely-used, but little-researched vehicle of marketing communication: brand storytelling. Recent work that has approached packages as mythmakers, finds it increasingly challenging for marketers to produce textual stories that link the personalities of products to the personalities of those consuming them, and suggests that "a multiplicity of building material for creating desired consumer myths is what a postmodern consumer arguably needs" (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007). Used as vehicles for storytelling, food packages can exploit both rational and emotional approaches, offering consumers either a "lecture" or "drama" (Randazzo, 2006), myths (Kniazeva and Belk, 2007; Holt, 2004; Thompson, 2004), or meanings (McCracken, 2005) as necessary building blocks for anthropomorphizing their brands. The craft of giving birth to brand personalities is in the hands of writers/marketers and in the minds of readers/consumers who individually and sometimes idiosyncratically put a meaningful human face on a brand.