• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.379-401
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• 1999

The effect of KamiTongJonHaaATang extracts on hypercholesterolemia, platelet aggregation, pulm onary thrombosis, KCN-induced coma, forcal brain ischemia, cytotoxicity of PC12 cells induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein(25-35), and NO production in RAW cells stimulated lipopolysaccharide were investigated, respectively. The results were summarized as follows; 1. KTJHAT extracts showed a significant decrease of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia induced by 2% cholesterol diet in NZW rabbit. 2. KTJHAT extracts induced a significant inhibition of human platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and ADP but did not affect human platelet aggregation induced by collagen. 3. KTJHAT extracts showed a protective effect on pulmonary thrombosis induced by collagen and epinephrine. 4. KTJHAT extracts prolonged the duration of KCN-induced coma. 5. KTJHAT extracts showed a significant decrease of brain ischemic area and edema in MCA occlusion. Also, KTJHAT extracts showed a decrease of neurologic grade in hind limb but did not affect neurologic grade in fore limb. 6. KTJHAT extracts showed a protective effect on cytotoxicity of PC 12 cells induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein(25-35) in a dose dependent manner. 7. KTJHAT extracts showed a significant decrease of NO production in RAW cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. These results suggested that KTJHAT extracts might be usefully applied for prevention and treatement of thrombosis and brain damage.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 1995

This study was an attempt to compare the energy, nutrient intake, blood lipids, and body fat distribution of diabetics with those of normal control subjects. Daily energy and nutrient intake were measured by convenient method. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participants : weight, height, and waist and hip circumference. We matched 31 pairs with diabetics and nondiabetic control subjects by sex, age, body weight and height, and made comparisons between two groups to observe the effect of diabetes in lipid profiles. Aslo the effect of exercise in diabetes was investigated. The results obtained were as follows : 1.The average of daily energy intake of diabetics was 1, 927 kcal and that of nondiabetics was 2, 159 kcal. Percentage of energy in diabetics is that carbohydrate : protein : fat = 69:13:18 2. When diabetics were divided into obese and nonobese group according to RBW, 33% of diabetics were obese and energy intake was not significantly different between the two groups, but VLDL - cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in the obese group. 3. Energy intake, BMI, RBW and total cholesterol level of upper obesity group were significantly higher than those of lower body obesity group in male diabetic subjects. 4. When matching 31 pairs of diabetics and nondiabetics according to sex, age, body weight and height triglyceride concentration and WHR of diabetics were measured to be significantly higher than those of nondiabetics. 5. Although energy intake was not significantly different between exercise and nonexercise groups, triglyceride, blood glucose, RBW, BMI were significantly lower in the exercise and nonexercise groups, triglyceride, blood glucose, RBW, BMI were significantly lower in the exercise group than the nonexercis group in diabetics. 6. BMI and RBW were not correlated with cholesterol or triglyceride, but WHR correlated significantly with both cholesterol and triglyceride. In conclusion, diabetics had higher triglyceride concentration and WHR than nondiabetics. WHR may be better than BMI or RBW for predicting alteration in lipid profile and exercise seems beneficial for controlling blood glucose and lipids in diabetics.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.550-558
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• 2006

The study investigated the serum lipid metabolism and enzyme activities of Korean teas for their preventative activity against chronic disease and obesity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised for 8 weeks on four experimental diets: normal diet, hyperlipidemic diet, and hyperlipidemic diet to which green and black teas (2% each) were added. Various biological actions, including lipid metabolism and enzyme activities of the serum, were investigated. Diet-induced, hyperlipidemic rats fed with green and black teas, showed significant decrease in food efficiency ratio, triglyceride, total lipid, and phospholipid compared to control, i.e. the normal and diet-induced, hyperlipidemic rats. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Al(atherogenic index), LHR, VLDL-cholesterol, ester-cholesterol, and free-cholesterol also showed a significant decrease. However, there was no significant difference between the tea-fed, diet-induced, hyperlipidemic dieted groups. HDL-cholesterol concentration was increased significantly in the tea-dieted and normal groups compared to the control. There was a little difference in lipase activity between the normal and control groups, although green and black tea-dieted experimental groups were both increased compared to the control. The contents of total lipid, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were decreased in the normal and experimental groups compared to the control. The GOT, GPT, ALP and LDH serum enzyme activities of the experimental groups were significantly reduced compared to those of the control groups.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.777-784
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• 2014

Epidemiologic studies have shown that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a strong risk factor, whilst high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) reduces the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, strategies to manage dyslipidemia in an effort to prevent or treat CHD have primarily attempted at decreasing LDL-C and raising HDL-C levels. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the exchange of cholesteryl ester for triglycerides between HDL and VLDL and LDL. We have published the first report indicating that a group of Japanese patients who were lacking CETP had extremely high HDL-C levels, low LDL-C levels and a low incidence of CHD. Animal studies, as well as clinical and epidemiologic evidences, have suggested that inhibition of CETP provides an effective strategy to raise HDL-C and reduce LDL-C levels. Four CETP inhibitors have substantially increased HDL-C levels in dyslipidemic patients. This review will discuss the current status and future prospects of CETP inhibitors in the treatment of CHD. At present anacetrapib by Merck and evacetrapib by Eli Lilly are under development. By 100mg of anacetrapib HDL-C increased by 138%, and LDL-C decreased by 40%. Evacetrapib 500 mg also showed dramatic 132% increase of HDL-C, while LDL-C decreased by 40%. If larger, long-term, randomized, clinical end point trials could corroborate other findings in reducing atherosclerosis, CETP inhibitors could have a significant impact in the management of dyslipidemic CHD patients. Inhibition of CETP synthesis by antisense oligonucleotide or small molecules will produce more similar conditions to human CETP deficiency and may be effective in reducing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. We are expecting the final data of prospective clinical trials by CETP inhibitors in 2015.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.334-345
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and blood lipids according to the obesity index of middle aged men. Subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on percentage of body fat (%Fat),; normal weight (10-20% fat), overweight (20-25% fat) and obesity (over 25% fat). Nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires and 24 hour recall method and blood lipids were analyzed by blood analyzer. The results were as follows: 1) Nutrient intakes were that carbohydrate intake rate in obesity group was lower than normal group and lipids intake rate in obesity group was higher than normal group. The intake of riboflavin and folic acid were differ normal and obesity group (p < 0.05), and normal group ingested under recommended intake. 2) Total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure in obesity group were higher than normal group but the differences were not significant. The attack rate of coronary heart disease and blood glucose in obesity group is higher than normal group (p < 0.05). 3) The correlation of anthropometric measurements, blood lipid, blood glucose and blood pressure had significant results. Soft lean mass was associated BMI (p < 0.01), TC (p < 0.05), HDL (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.05) and SBP (p < 0.05). TG was associated TC (p < 0.05), HDL (p < 0.01), VLDL (p < 0.001) and Risk (p < 0.01). TC was associated LDL (p < 0.01) and Risk (p < 0.01). Blood glucose was associated TC (p < 0.05), LDL (p < 0.05), SBP (p < 0.05) and DBP (p < 0.05). These results suggest that reduction of body weight for the attack risk of obesity group in coronary heart disease.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2008

The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a key player in cholesterol metabolism, has been shown to promote the transfer of triglycerides from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) in exchange for cholesterol ester. Here we demonstrate that farnesoid X receptor ${\alpha}$ ($FXR{\alpha}$; NR1H4) down-regulates CETP expression in HepG2 cells. A $FXR{\alpha}$ ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), suppressed basal mRNA levels of the CETP gene in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Using gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we found that $FXR{\alpha}$ could bind to the liver X receptor ${\alpha}$ ( $LXR{\alpha}$; NR1H3) binding site (LXRE; DR4RE) located within the CETP 5' promoter region. $FXR{\alpha}$ suppressed $LXR{\alpha}$-induced DR4RE-luciferase activity and this effect was mediated by a binding competition between $FXR{\alpha}$ and $LXR{\alpha}$ for DR4RE. Furthermore, the addition of CDCA together with a $LXR{\alpha}$ ligand, GW3965, to HepG2 cells was shown to substantially decrease mRNA levels of hepatic CETP gene, which is typically induced by GW3965. Together, our data demonstrate that $FXR{\alpha}$ down-regulates CETP gene expression via binding to the DR4RE sequence within the CETP 5' promoter and this $FXR{\alpha}$ binding is essential for $FXR{\alpha}$ inhibition of $LXR{\alpha}$-induced CETP expression.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2009

We conducted two studies to determine the effect of gender, gonadectomy (GDX) on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs. In experiment 1, five sham-operated and five GDX female Landrace pigs (26kg) were allowed to have free access to water and feed up to market weight (approximately 100kg). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly, and daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) were calculated during the feeding period. In experiment 2, 10 male (26kg) and 10 female (26kg) Landrace pigs were used; five male and five female pigs were assigned to sham-operated or GDX. Pigs were allowed to have free access to water and a diet without added cholesterol (Table 1) until they were 6 months old (male 104 and female 98kg) and thereafter they were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (Table 1) containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate for 10 days. GDX of female pigs increased average daily gain (P<0.05), compared with their sham-operated counterparts during the growing-finishing period, but had no effect (P>0.05) on feed efficiency. Plasma cholesterol levels in pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 days were much higher (P<0.05) in females than in males (161 vs 104mg/100mL plasma), and were increased by GDX only in male pigs. HDL-cholesterol/LDL+VLDL-cholesterol ratio appeared to be higher in males than in females, and was not influenced by GDX in either sex. Results suggested that the lower growth rate of female pigs than their male counterparts is attributable to the ovarian activity, and the lower plasma cholesterol level in male than in female pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is due to the testicular activity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 1987

Because of its more complete hydrolysis and rapid absorption, MCT is expected its usefulness in the diets of patients with malabsorption syndrom. Also, several authors reported that serum cholesterol level was lower after MCT feedings. In this study, rate of each experimental group were fed for 4weeks with 20％ MCT, 20％ corn oil, mixed diet of 10％ MCT and 10％ corn oil, mixed diet of 17％ corn oil and 3％ shortening. After experimental diet, it was measured to growth rate and serum cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid level. The results were as follows; 1. The body weight gain was the lowest in MCT group and others were lower than control group. 2. Serum total cholesterol level was the lowest in corn oil group and others were significantly lower than control group. Free cholesterol level was lower in all experimental groups than control group too. 3. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was significantly higher in all experimental groups than control group. 4. The ratio of VLDL, LDL-Cholesterol to HDL-Cholesterol was significantly lower in all experimental groups than control group. 5. Serum triglyceride level was higher in all experimental groups than control group. Serum phospholipid level was significantly in only mixed diet group of corn oil and shortening than control group. 6. The ratio of total cholesterol to phospholipid was significantly lower in corn oil diet group than control group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1172-1177
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Araliaceae water extracts on lipid concentrations in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The Male Wistar rats were divided into normal and diabetic group. The diabetic group was futher subdivided into the control group(DM) and the Araliaceae water extracts supplemented group: Aralia elata(AE), Acanthopanacis cortex(AC) and Ulmus davidiana(UD). The extracts were supplemented with 1.14% of raw Araliaceae/kg diet for 7 weeks. Diabetes was induced by injecting STZ(55 mg/kg B.W., i.p.) once 2 weeks before sacrifying. The net weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were significantly lower in the STZ-induced diabetic group than in the normal group. However, all of the Araliaceae water extracts supplemented groups resulted in an increase of body weight compared to the DM group. The triglyceride, total cholesterol and free cholesterol concentrations in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the DM group than in the normal group. However, the supplementation of Araliaceae water extracts increased plasma HDL cholesterol concentration, while decreased plasma VLDL, LDL-cholesterol concentra-tions in Araliaceae water extracts supplemented group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.187-202
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The exposure to sucrose in rats has mimic abnormalities attributed to metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effects of honey bee and "free" glucose and fructose, have not been explored in this context. The aim was to expose Wistar rodents to sucrose solution (SS), honey solution (HS) and fructose/glucose solution (GFS) at 30% to assess their effects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: HS (n = 10), SS (n = 10) and GFS (n = 10) groups were formed. Solutions were ad libitum along 14-weeks. RESULTS: Between solutions consumptions, honey was significantly 42% higher (P = 0.000), while similar consumption was observed among GFS and SS. The feeding pattern of HS consumption was irregular along experiment; while the food intake pattern showed the similar trend among groups along time. Non statistical differences were obtained in any biochemical and anthropometric measure, however, a higher concentration of leptin (721 ± 507 pg/mL), lower concentration of total cholesterol (TC; 48.87 ± 2.41 mg/100 mL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL; 16.47 ± 6.55 mg/100 mL) and triglycerides (82.37 ± 32.77 mg/100 mL) was obtained in SS group. For anthropometric values, HS showed less total adipose tissue (AT; average 26 vs. 31-33 g) and adiposity index (average 6.11 vs. 7.6). Due to sugar-sweetened beverages consumption increases the risk for the development of chronic diseases; correlations between fluid intake and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. A moderate correlation was obtained in groups with the weight of total AT and solution intake; for the weight gain in GFS group and for triglycerides in HS and GFS. The highest hepatic tissue damage was observed in SS group with multiple intracytoplasmic vacuoles, atypia changes, moderate pleomorphism and hepatocellular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the significantly higher consumption of HS, biochemical, anthropometrical and histological effects were not remarkably different in comparision to other sweeteners.