• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.56-56
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• 2003

The reactivity and toxicity of arsenic compounds depend on the their oxidative states. Exposure to arsenic causes many human health effects, including cardiovascular, hepatic and renal disease, in addition to cancer in kidney, liver, lung, urinary bladder and skin. The cytotoxic effects of arsenite on normal hepatocyte, which most of its biotranfomation takes place. (omitted)

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.209-214
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• 2000

The preventive effects of sodium molybdate on the acute toxicity of lead were studied by investigating tissue accumulation of lead, changes of nerve conduction velocity and concentrations of metabolites related to function of sciatic nerve in rats treated with lead, sodium molybdate and both, respectively. In lead-intoxicated rat, the conduction velocity, myo-inositol concentration and $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity of sciatic nerve were decreased by about 33 %, 48 % and 58 %, respectively. However, sodium molybdate treatment significantly normalized the conduction velocity, $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity and myo-inositol concentration of sciatic nerve in lead-intoxicated rat. Also, sodium molybdate treatment decreased the contents of lead in blood and sciatic nerve through promotion of urinary excretion of lead. But sodium molybdate treatment did not affect the glucose concentration in sciatic nerve. These results suggest that sodium molybdate prevented peripheral neuropathy not only by reducing lead contents in sciatic nerve and blood, but also by enhancing $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ ATPase activity in sciatic nerve.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

Pyrrosia lingua which belongs to Polypodiaceae has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of urinary system inflammation, urination disorder, and bronchitis. However, there are not enough phytochemical and pharmacological studies of P. lingua up to now. Here in this study, the protective effect of MeOH extract of whole plant of Pyrrosia lingua (MPL) against 2% glucose-induced toxicity was investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. We found that MPL significantly extended the lifespan of wild-type nematode under normal culture condition. MPL also effectively recovered the decreased lifespan caused by 2% glucose-toxicity. In addition, MPL efficiently attenuated the increased glucose concentration inside of nematode. Further studies evaluating diabetes-related factors revealed that MPL reduced both intracellular ROS and lipid accumulation which were up-regulated under 2% glucose supplement condition. Our data also showed that MPL improved the 2% glucose-induced shortened body movement of nematode. Lastly, we carried out genetic studies using several single gene knockout mutants to establish the possible target of MPL. Our results demonstrated that genes such as daf-2 and daf-16 were responsible for the protective activity of MPL against 2% glucose-induced toxicity. These results indicate that MPL exerts protective action against 2% glucose via regulation of insulin/IGF-1 sinaling pathway and FOXO activation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.1232-1235
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• 2008

삼환계 항우울제의 하나인 이미프라민은 우울장애와 야뇨증, 불안장애, 신경성 통증에 쓰인다. 그러나 이미프라민을 포함한 삼환계 항우울제는 많은 부작용이 관찰되는 데, 항콜린성 작용으로 초기에 입이 마르고 동공산대, 소변 정체, 동성빈맥을 보인다. 또한 중추신경계에 작용하여 섬망, 불안, 초조, 환각, 경련, 혼수를 야기할 수 있다. 그러나 앞에서 말한 부작용 보다도 치명적인 것인 삼환계 항우울제에 의해 소디움 채널 차단으로 인한 부정맥이다. QRS파의 연장과 QTc 연장, 넓은 QRS파 빈맥, Brugada 심전도 양상이 나타나며 이런 현상은 중탄산 나트륨을 통해 나트륨을 대량으로 공급하여 회복시킬 수 있다. 이미프라민을 포함한 삼환계 항우울제에는 아직도 널리 쓰이고 있지만 지금까지 소아에서 부정맥이 부작용으로 나타난 증례에 대한 보고가 없었다. 따라서 저자들은 이미프라민 과량복용 후 경련, 넓은 QRS파를 보이는 빈맥, Brugada 심전도 양상, 무뇨를 보인 환아를 경험, 치료하여 이를 보고한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.442-451
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• 2002

브롬(Br-)이온을 포함하는 지표수 또는 해수를 상수원 또는 어류양식용 물로 사용할 경우 소독, 살균을 위하여 오존(O$_3$)을 많이 사용한다. 이때 물속에 포함되어 있는 브름(Br-) 이온과 오존과의 반응에 의하여 독성물질인 Bromate(BrO$_3$-)가 산화 부산물로서 생성된다. 이 bromate의 생성반응에 대한 용액의 pH와 반응온도의 영향 및 bromate를 음용수중에 함유시키고 실험동물에 섭취시켰을 때의 생체독성에 미치는 기전을 관찰하였다. Bromate의 생성은 반응온도가 증가할수록 증가되지만, 낮은온도(15$^{\circ}C$)에서는 용액의 초기 pH가 3 인 경우는 초기 pH가 7, 10 인 용액의 경우보다 훨씬 적은 생성량을 나타내었다. Bromate를 음료수중에 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4g/L로하여 4, 12, 16, 20, 24주 투여하고서 신조직중의 지질과산화의 함량이 증가되었으며, 혈중 뇨소질소의 활성 및 뇨중 ${\gamma}$-glutamy-ltransferase의 활성은 대조군에 비하여 bromate의 투여로 현저히 증가되었으며, 뇨중 lactate dehydrogenase의 활성에는 별다른 영향이 없었다. Bromate의 투여로 xanthine oxidase 및 aldehyde oxidase의 활성은 bromate의 투여로 현저히 증가되었으며 glutathione의 농도 및 glutathione S-transferase의 활성도 대조군 보다 현저히 억제되었다. Glutathione의 생성계에 미치는 ${\gamma}$-giutarnylcystein synthetase의 활성은 대조군에 비해 bromate의 투여로 억제되었으며 glutathione redurtase의 활성은 별다른 영향이 없었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2003

Effects of L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the renal dysfunction that is induced by cisplatin (CDDP) were investigated. A single dose of CDDP (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) induced renotoxicity, which was manifested by increasing the sensitivity of isolated urinary bladder rings to acetylcholine (ACh), together with a significant elevation of serum urea and creatinine, and a severe decrease in serum albumin. Moreover, renal dysfunction was further confirmed by a significant decrease of enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px (E.C 1.11.1.9), catalase (E.C 1.11.1.6), as well as a significant increase in lipid peroxides that were measured as malondialdhyde (MDA) in kidney tissue homogenates. The administration of L-arginine (70 mg/kg/d p.o in drinking water 5 d before and 5 d after the CDDP injection) significantly ameliorated the renotoxic effects of CDDP, as judged by restoring the normal responses of isolated bladder rings to Ach, and also by an improvement in a range of renal function indices, which included serum urea and creatinine concentrations and kidney weight. In addition, L-arginine prevents the rise of MDA, as well as a reduction of GSH-Px and catalase activities in kidney tissues homogenates. On the other hand, the administration of L-NAME (4 mg/kg/d p.o) resulted in no protection against renal dysfunction that was induced by CDDP treatment. The findings of this study suggest that L-arginine can attenuate kidney injury that is produced by CDDP treatment. In addition, L-arginine may be a beneficial remedy for CDDP-induced renal toxicity, and could be used to improve the therapeutic index of CDDP.

• 생약학회지
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• 제36권1호통권140호
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• pp.56-59
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• 2005

Urease plays an important role in the urea metabolism and the effect of urease activity on human and environment is enormous. For instance, urease acts as a virulence factor of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts infections in human and animal, being involved in kidney stone formation, catheter encrusatation, pyelonephritis, ammonia encephalopathy, hepatic coma, and urinary tract infections. Widespread urease activity in soil induces a plant damage due to ammonia toxicity and pH increase. Therefore, urease activity regulation through urease inhibitors would lead to an enhanced efficiency of urea nitrogen uptake in plants and to the improved therapeutic strategies for ureolytic bacterial infections. To search for new inhibitory compounds on urease activity from herbs, MeOH extracts of herbs were screened. Among of them, the MeOH extracts of Areca catechu exhibited an excellent inhibitory effect on urease activity. Two compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by the activity guided fractionation. Their chemical structures were identified as (+)-catechin(compound I) and allantoin(compound II) by spectroscopic evidence, respectively. Compound I showed a stronger inhibitory effect on urease activity than compound II.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.202-211
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• 2006

Our objective is to identify molecular factors which contribute to the increased risk of smoke in human. About 677 workers who had control and experimental groups according to their urinary Naphthol levels were enrolled in our study. In the present study, we investigated the effects of smoking on gene expression profiles in human. We determined differential gene expression patterns in smoker versus non-smoker using cDNA microarray. Specific genes were up-or down-regulated according to smoking and age. Inflammatory related genes such as cytokine, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor were up-regulated, DNA repair related genes such as high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein 1, and protein 2 were down-regulated, apoptosis related genes such as myeloperoxidase and Bcl-2-associated athanogene were down-regulated, and cell cycle related genes were down-regulated. In our epidemiological study, notably, inflammatory, DNA repair, apoptosis, signal transduction, metabolism, cell cycle, cell proliferation, transcription related genes were regulated.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.280-288
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• 2022

Objectives: One of the most widely used pesticides today is chlorpyrifos (CPF). Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6, the most prominent catalyst in CPF bioactivation, is highly polymorphic. The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of CYP2B6^*6, which contains both 516G>T and 785A>G polymorphisms, in CPF toxicity, as represented by the concentration of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), among vegetable farmers in Central Java, Indonesia, where CPF has been commonly used. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 vegetable farmers. Individual socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, as determinants of TCPy levels, were obtained using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and subsequently used to estimate the cumulative exposure level (CEL). TCPy levels were detected with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. CYP2B6^*6 gene polymorphisms were analyzed using a TaqMan^® SNP Genotyping Assay and Sanger sequencing. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between TCPy, as a biomarker of CPF exposure, and its determinants. Results: The prevalence of CYP2B6^*6 polymorphisms was 31% for ^*1/^*1, 51% for ^*1/^*6, and 18% for ^*6/^*6. TCPy concentrations were higher among participants with CYP2B6^*1/^*1 than among those with ^*1/^*6 or ^*6/^*6 genotypes. CYP2B6^*6 gene polymorphisms, smoking, CEL, body mass index, and spraying time were retained in the final linear regression model as determinants of TCPy. Conclusions: The results suggest that CYP2B6^*6 gene polymorphisms may play an important role in influencing susceptibility to CPF exposure. CYP2B6^*6 gene polymorphisms together with CEL, smoking habits, body mass index, and spraying time were the determinants of urinary TCPy concentrations, as a biomarker of CPF toxicity.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2009

The kidney toxicities of WK-38 used for improvement of the vascular diseases, was examined using male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The male and female rats were divided into 4 groups for intragastrical treatment with doses of 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, respectively. In all male and female rats treated with WK-38, no mortality and gross pathological findings were shown for 13 weeks. There was substantially no change in body weight in all rats with treatment of WK-38. Urine osmolality as renal functional parameters were not exchanged in all rats treated with WK-38. The renal functional parameters including electrolytes excretory rate, creatinine clearance, and solute-free water reabsorption were significantly augmented on account of increase in urinary volume in female rats treated with WK-38, but not male. In summary, this study demonstrates that WK-38 exhibits no toxicity on kidney in all male and female rats.