• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.83-94
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• 2016

Purpose: A city is regarded as an organic living thing that generates, changes, and fades away in relationship with many components of city. Therefore, a city has its own identity based on its historical trace. Among these elements composing a city, it is a square that makes a city more active and dynamic. Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy has played its role as significant core in the city and has distinctive function from other squares in urban ecological environments. In this study, the distinguishing function and role of Piazza Navona will be defined. Another purpose of study is to figure out what factors of Piazza Navona attracts a lot of diverse people and activities. Method: First, general understanding of function, type, and history of piazza; Second, the historical background of Piazza Navona; Third, site analysis related to surrounding environments; Fourth, architectural characteristic of Piazza Navona in terms of plan and elevation; Fifth, comparing with other representative squares in Rome such as Piazza San Pietro, Piazza del Popolo, and Piazza del Campidoglio in aspects of urban function. Result: Piazza Navona provides both citizen and visitors with an inviting place to embrace all kinds of activities including assembly, annual festival, and daily events. Its functions in the urban environments also involve a tourist attractor as landmark, place for social and cultural interaction, market, and place for meeting and leisure. It is attributed to following factors; historical background as the city center since the first century AD; its location in the center of Rome; enough size and flexibility to accommodate many people and various events; open space enclosed by surrounding buildings; historical baroque structures and sculptures of fountains; synergy effect with commercial and other tourist attractors around Piazza Navona; and comfortable accessibility.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 2018

By the year 2050, the world population is set to increase to 9 billion people, of which 66% will be living in cities. It is argued that this will inevitably lead to further urban densification and soaring, inhumane and dense vertical environments. However, innovative and disruptive technologies impacting all realms of life means that we will also live, work, play, learn and make in novel ways, the beginnings of which are already becoming evident. These present opportunities for reimagining city environments, and in particular tall buildings, with a focus on reducing redundancies and re-appropriating existing buildings, creating novel hybrid environments, incorporating green and social democratic spaces, and integrating multiple modes of transport. This paper examines how vertical cities may perhaps be dense, resource efficient, and yet humane, presenting three possible scenarios for Singapore's context, which are, however, common to many Asian high-density urban environments. The scenarios presented are the outcome of Final-Year Thesis Projects undertaken by final-year architecture students at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2017.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1231-1238
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• 2007

The promotion of walking and bicycling is recently a hot topic in the urban planning and design field. Many planners have already examined the many components of the land use-transportation connection and built environment-physical activity link. A rapidly growing area of urban form research is to measure the level of walk-ability in urban environments. With this background, this research conducted a preliminary study to develop the evaluation indicators of pedestrian environments. Based on the literature reviews on walking or pedestrian environments, we proposed the seventeen indicators related with pedestrian facilities, road attributes and walking environment. We also performed a questionary survey to evaluate the satisfaction of their neighborhood pedestrian environments for 302 randomly selected adults living in the City of Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do. Finally, this research provided the valid model to evaluate the effects of physical environmental factors on the walking satisfaction using factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2008

Copper was exposed unsheltered and sheltered in four humid tropical sites, representing urban, urban-industrial, urban-marine and rural environments. The corrosion rates and the sequence of corrosion product formation are presented and discussed in relation with climatic and atmospheric pollution parameters. Chemical compositions of corrosion products were found to depend on environments and duration of exposure. In all environments, cuprite was the predominating corrosion product that formed first and continuously increased during the exposure. Among the sulphur-containing corrosion products, posnjakite and brochantite were more frequently found and the first formed earlier. Nantokite was the most common chlorine-containing products for most cases, except the high-chloride environment, where atacamite was detected instead. The corrosion rate of copper was well indicated by the colour of patina. The red-purple colour corresponded to the high corrosion rate and the greenish grey colour corresponded to the low corrosion rate. Corrosion rate of sheltered copper in urban-marine environment increased with the exposure time.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

In this study, we proposed GIS-based Regional Crime Prevention Index (RCPI) development method designed to support local governments with systematic crime prevention activities. The public interest in safe urban environment is increasing rapidly. The government is putting efforts into crime prevention activities to eliminate the criminal opportunities in advance. CPTED is method to prevent crimes in the city by improving environmental factors that cause crime. It is used by local governments to promote the crime prevention activities centering on the expansion of CCTVs and street lamps and the improvement of street environment. However, most policies were terminated as one-off programs and it is necessary to monitor the effect of such policies on a continuous basis. In order to alleviate issues, this study proposed RCPI as part of crime safety assessment in urban environments. The estimation of RCPI in City A of Gyeonggi-do showed relative differences in 31 districts (dong), indicating that it is also possible to evaluate the crime safety in the local community on the level of the administrative dong, the smallest administrative district in the urban environments. As a crime map, the RCPI will be used effectively as he reference to support the decision making process for local government in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.152-162
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• 2021

Background: Recent declines in bee populations, along with increasing demand for pollination services in urban, agricultural, and natural environments, have led to strategies to attract wild bees to these areas. One of these strategies is installing artificial nests adjacent to urban gardens and agricultural farms. Bee hotels and nest boxes are among the artificial nests used by gardeners and farmers to attract pollinators. In this paper, we reviewed 50 studies that reported the efficiency of nest boxes and bee hotels in attracting bees. We considered the maximum occupation rate (percentage) as the main index to evaluate the efficiency of artificial nests. Results: The maximum occupation rate of bee hotels was higher in farms (averaged 44.1%) than in forests (averaged 30.3%) and urban (averaged 38.3%) environments. In the case of nest boxes, most studies reported efficiencies of less than 20%, with an occupation rate of 16% and 5.5% on average in forest and urban environments respectively. However, our meta-analysis results showed that there was no significant relationship between the occupation rate of the nests and their installation place. Regression analysis also showed that the structural features of bee hotels (length and diameter) and nest boxes (volume and entrance size) did not affect their efficiency in attracting bees. Conclusion: Our data showed that the strategy of installing artificial nests to attract pollinators is successful only concerning bee hotels, and the use of nest boxes has not been very successful.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Physical housing environments of the rural area including houses and its connected facilities have much changed for decades. Such changes had an effect on the landscape of the rural area to much extent. As houses were renovated or rebuilt in rural area, the landscape were also remade. It could be expected that these changes of the physical housing environments are related with both urban developments and demands of the rural area itself. Thus, some rural areas in Gyeonggi province as the most related cases with urban area were chosen for a case study. On the methodology of the landscape assessment, the landscape factors related with housing environments were reviewed and some connected queistions were also interviewed. Landscape Assessment should include various social and cultural aspects, but in this thesis the visible factors are integrated. So considering many support policy oriented for physical investment and improving in rural areas, landscape assessment and interpretation are very helpful and meaningful.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.212-215
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine the feasibility of urban landscape development plan that can accomodate urban agricultural lands and go well with urban environments. Effective development and utilization methods of urban agricultural lands as a part of urban landscape were studied through the analysis of public functions of urban agricultural lands by using GIS.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2022

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) such as a drone taxi is one of the future transportations that have recently been attracting attention. Along with the construction of an urban terminal, an accurate landing system for UAM is also essential. However, in urban environments, reliable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals cannot be received due to obstacles such as high-rise buildings which causes multipath and non-line of sight signal. Thus, the positioning result in urban environments from the GNSS signal is unreliable. Consequently, we propose the Ultra-Wideband (UWB) network to assist the soft landing of UAM on a vertiport. Since the positioning performance of UWB network depends on the layout of UWB anchors, it is necessary to optimize the layout of UWB anchors. In this paper, we propose a two-steps genetic algorithm that consists of binary genetic algorithm involved multi objectives fitness function and integer genetic algorithm involved robust solution searching fitness function in order to optimize taking into account Fresnel hole effects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.85-95
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• 2002

A substantial portion of the cost of deep excavations in urban environments is devoted to prevent ground movements and their effects on adjacent buildings and utilites. Prediction of ground movements and assessment of the risk of damage to adjacent structures has become an essential part of the planning, design, and construction of a deep excavation project in the urban environments. This paper presents damage assessment techniques for buildings and utilities adjacent deep excavation, which can be readily used in practice.