• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.1
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• pp.40-64
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• 1980

The purpose of this study was to compare the different environment among the young children of large and small cities and rural areas in Korea, in order to know how these different environment have an effect on the children's intellectual and emotional development. For this subjects, 2,700 questionares with 51 items were distributed to the infants' mothers in each area to interview and answer. About 1,800 questionaires were gathered from 3 metropolitan, 6 cities and 6 rural areas in (each 2 farming, fishing and mining villages) The results of analyzing these questionaires were like following; 1. The average number of children of each family was 2.5 in large cities, 3.0 in small cities and 3.6 in the rural areas. 2. White about 75% of infants' parents of large cities graduated college education, only 6% of the rural parents did it. Most infants' parents of the rural areas have only graduated the elementary school. 3. About 90% of the rural, small and large cities family have had radios and T.V sets, and 90% of infants watched T.V program for 2 hours a day in average. 4. While about 50% of large cities' young children were not reared by their mother's milk but by milk and other foods, about 95% of rural infants by breasting mills. 5. Young children of large cities were wearing about 5 months earlier than those of the rural. 6. While 20% children of cities were taught in the kindergarten, most children of the rural areas could not be taught in the kindergarten. 7. About 45% young children of the rural areas and cities were understood and taught reading, writing letters and numbers by their parents, brothers and sisters before entering primary school. 8. While 50% young children of large cities have had pianos and were taught music in kindergarten or piano tutor's, most of the rural areas have not had pianos and could not be taught music. 9. Most children's favorite music songs were T.V signals or C.M songs in both the rural and cities. 10. While most children of cities have had lots of children's pictures or fairy tale books. most infants of the rural areas have had nothing or a few. 11. As lots of infants could not find their pleasure resorts of sport tools outside, they used to play in side streets or publicroads with their friends. 12. While most infant's parents in cities wanted to make their infants lawyer or medicine doctor, most parents in rural areas wanted to make their children teacher or technician. 13. About a half of Korean infants have had their own rooms or have lived in it together with their brother or sister. In conclusion, as children of large cities have had more various kinds of cultural circumstances than the rural areas in aspects of cultural institutions' tools and environment of their parents' education, books, toys, pleasure resorts and their own rooms, the intellectual development of the former could be considered to surpass those of the latter. In other words, the average IQ points of urban's young children are 10 point higher than those of the rural areas, which means the better circumstance would affect the infant's intellectual development. Therefore, the government must support to make good circumstances of the children in the rural areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2022

In order to understand the physical condition and spatial deformation of houses in rural areas in Hodang Village, Ipjang-myeon, Cheonan-si, a rural area with a good settlement environment, physical characteristics and spatial deformation were identified. First, looking at the construction pattern of houses in rural areas, there have been many houses built since the 1990s, and the modernized spatial composition of urban houses appeared. Second, due to the nature of rural housing, work space and residential space are mixed, and it was analyzed that space is used through renovation to solve this problem. Third, Hodang Village was analyzed as an area with good living services, but as a result of the village survey, the proportion of vacant houses was high at 14 (42.4%). This study is conducting continuous rural housing research, rather than a temporary study on rural housing and vacant houses, based on the problems that have been drawn from previous research and existing fact-finding studies.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 1991

In Korea, small-scale reclaimed areas have been suffering from many problems because of the lack of comprehensive developing strategy although considerable investments have been inputed by the public sector since 1970's. For 3 reclaimed sites in Chonnam Province chosen as case study areas, the analysis, the third attempt of widely-spanned studies on areal conditions, concentrated on their living conditions. Its results were as follows : 1. Although rural residents have increased their concern on health and medical services, the public sector can only serve basic and emergent level of them, and therefore, the private sector, which is mostly placed in urban areas and costed much higher than public one, has the dominant share of those services. So, because those costs are a great expense to rural residents, their supplying system should be planned with special reference to lightening the economic burden of them. 2. By the development of locally fitted programs and innovative systems, the rural education should be qualitatively improved to deal successfully with its small scale. That will result in increasing the schooling rate to schools in rural communities, lightening the economic burden of rural residents on education services and finally activating them to contribute the betterment of rural education. 3. Servicing level of water supply, sewerage and garbage disposal in the reclaimed areas has been remaining at the lower order even in other rural areas. In the design of rural water supply, average daily consumption per capita should be changed according to the composition rate of fishing households and variety of the source of water supply. 4. Most of rural residents in the reclaimed areas want to establish the welfare facilites for the infant, youth, aged and public bath However in the long-term basis, the cooperative production and processing facilities should be considered for modernized efficient farming.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning tendency of rural residents participating in lifelong education. The analysis data were analyzed using a polynomial model for 3,685 people using raw materials from a lifetime education survey. According to the analysis, participants in rural residents prefer small study groups. They were also approached on a practical level, such as life-help or self-realization. And the participating education programs were highly involved in vocational non-formal education. Based on the workings of personal backgrounds, participation of people with lower income and lower educational backgrounds is more active than in urban areas. In addition, the effect of improving the quality of life through lifelong education was shown in the order of big cities, small cities, rural areas. These results suggest that ways to improve the quality of life through lifelong education are not suitable as a means to maintain rural population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.175-182
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• 2023

The purpose of this study, the trend of renewable energy, domestic and foreign renewable energy policies, and the flow of the legal system related to renewable energy location were identified, and a location analysis using public data was studied when solar energy was located. First, renewable energy is leading to energy conversion by reducing the proportion of existing fossil fuel-centered energy sources in the global trend and increasing the proportion of renewable energy, an eco-friendly energy source, and changing the institutional and market structure. Second, large-scale solar energy power plants are installed and operated in rural areas where there is no change in insolation and land prices are cheaper than in urban areas where there are many changes in insolation due to surrounding high-rise buildings and street trees. Third, if a preliminary location review is conducted using public data at this time, it will be easy to identify the optimal location for area and size calculation. Fourth, the solar energy location functional area was studied in area A, and the total area of the target area was 624.5km², with 392.7km² and 62.9% of the avoidance area where solar power cannot be located.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2024

Due to the decrease in the school-age population and the overall population, school closures will continue to occur. Currently, most school closures are happening in rural areas, where geographical conditions often result in relatively poor educational, welfare, and cultural facilities compared to urban areas. Additionally, the proportion of elderly populations and migrant women is continuously increasing. In order to effectively utilize closed schools in the future, various efficient utilization methods that align with the social context of the respective regions will be necessary. The purpose of this study is to examine the status of closed school and utilization types in selected rural and island areas of similar sizes through field surveys and literature reviews. By comparing and analyzing these findings, we have identified the predominant utilization types in rural and island areas and assessed the current situation where utilization is lacking. Based on the results, we aim to provide fundamental data for improving and enhancing the utilization of school closures in the face of the ongoing decline in the school-age population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2023

Despite the serious problem of idle communal facilities in rural areas, previous studies focused on determining their status and grasping their current status rather than proposing fundamental solutions. The purpose is to suggest a direction for activating these facilities. To identify the key factors hindering the use of idle and under-utilized facilities in rural areas, a survey was conducted on three groups of interested parties, public officials, operators, and rural residents, to identify items that were effective and examine significant cognitive differences between the groups. Based on the results of the research analysis, it was concluded that although there are differences between the groups in the level of awareness, the causes of preventing facility utilization appear to be similar. Although local governments desire to avoid criticism for idleness, it was found that they are most aware of the limitations of administrative support. Even within the village, residents do not recognize the need for additional facilities unconditionally but do realize their own inadequacies. Thus, despite the differences among stakeholders, it was found that there is a consensus regarding the problem of idle communal facilities in rural areas. As a result, the operating entity is delegated to an individual rather than a joint entity so as to allow the facility to be operated responsibly, and local ordinances are enacted by a group of local officials in order to overcome administrative guidelines limitations. It is suggested that the main issue is securing manpower.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-97
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• 2002

In this study we shall compare the differences among Korean tourists' behavioral patterns according to tourists' residences by using statistical techniques on questionnaires for 1,372 tourists around Korea. In conclusion, we found varying degrees of influences among touristic behaviors in relation to residences, We documented 11 out of 14 categories of touristic behaviors in urban/rural areas around Korea. And there were 4 out of 14 categories of those found in provincial areas. Characteristics of urban/rural areas had a significant influence on touristic behaviors compared to provincial areas. Therefore, tour authorities provide for a balanced policy of travel around Korea. As mentioned above, these touristic behaviors had many differences according to urban/rural areas and provinces. We are concerned that these differences are likely to cause psychological disturbances among social classes. I hope that these results will be reflected in the development policies of tourist goods and tour sites.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-105
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• 1996

The rural problems which we are facing start from the extremely small sized population and the skewed population structure by age and sex. Thus we analyzed the change of the rural population. And we analyzed the recent return migration to the rural areas by comparing the recent in-migrants with out-migrants to rural areas. And by analyzing the rural village survey data which was to show the current characteristics of rural population, we found out the effects of the in-migrants to the rural areas and predicted the futures of rural villages by characteristics. The changes of rural population composition by age was very clear. As the out-migrants towards cities carried on, the population composition of young children aged 0~4 years was low and the aged became thick. The proportion of the population aged 0~4 years was 45.1% of the total population in 1970 and dropped down to 20.4% in 1995, which is predicted to become under 20% from now on. In the same period(1970~1995), the population aged 65 years and over rose from 4.2% to 11.9%. In 1960, before industrialization, the proportion of the population aged 0~4 years in rural areas was higher than that of cities. As the rural young population continuously moves to cities it became lower than that in urban areas from 1975 and the gap grew till 1990. But the proportion of rural population aged 0~4 years in 1995 became 6.2% and the gap reduced. We can say this is the change of the characteristics of in-migrants and out-migrants in the rural areas. Also considering the composition of the population by age group moving from urban to rural area in the late 1980s, 51.8% of the total migrants concentrates upon age group of 20~34 years and these people's educational level was higher than that of out-migrants to urban areas. This fact predicted the changes of the rural population, and the results will turn out as a change in the rural society. However, after comparing the population structure between the pure rural village of Boeun-gun and suburban village of Paju-gun which was agriculture centered village but recently changed rapidly, the recent change of the rural population structure which the in-migrants to rural areas becomes younger is just a phenomenon in the suburban rural areas, not the change of the total rural areas in general. From the characteristics of the population structure of rural village from the field survey on these villages, we can see that in the pure rural villages without any effects from cities the regidents are highly aged, while industrialization and urbanization are making a progress in suburban villages. Therefore, the recent partial change of the rural population structure and the change of characteristics of the in-migrants toward rural areas is effecting and being effected by the population change of areas like suburban rural villages. Although there are return migrants to rural areas to change their jobs into agriculture, this is too minor to appear as a statistic effect.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.519-531
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Regional disparities in dietary factors might be related to regional disparities in cardiometabolic health. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of cardiometabolic risk factors and dietary factors with regional types in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Based on data from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the study included 39,781 adults aged ≥ 19 years who completed the dietary survey and a health examination. Healthy and unhealthy dietary factors (fat, sodium, fruit, and vegetable intakes) were evaluated using 1-day 24-h dietary recall method, as well as the use of nutrition labels with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the participants, 48.7%, 36.0%, and 15.2% lived in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively. Adults living in urban and rural had higher odds ratios (ORs) for obesity (OR for urban, 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.14; OR for rural, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24) than adults living in metropolitan areas; these associations were significantly observed in middle-aged adults. Compared to metropolitan residents, rural residents had lower ORs for hypertension in middle-aged (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96) and metabolic syndrome in older adults (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.91). Regarding urban residents, a lower OR for diabetes in middle-aged adults (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97) and a higher OR for hypertension in older adults (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39) were observed. Overall rural residents had higher ORs of excessive carbohydrate, low fruit, and high salted-vegetable intakes than metropolitan residents. Low fruit intake was positively associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension, after adjustment for regional type and other confounders in total participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that cardiometabolic risk and unhealthy dietary factors differ among regional types and age groups within Korea. Nutritional policy and interventions should consider regional types for prevention and management of cardiometabolic risk factors.