• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.576-582
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• 2022

In this paper, we discuss the relative positioning of Wh-related English prepositions in a Wh-interrogative construction within the Optimality Theory [1-2]. By employing the two key constraints such as ^*Prep-Str and Align which are developed for the positioning of Wh-related prepositions from Romance languages such as French and Italian [3] and for the positioning of Wh-related prepositions from the middle English prose from 1500 to 1900 [4-6], and by slightly modifying the constraint hierarchy of ^*Prep-STR >>Align into ^**PrepSTR <<>>Align, Choi argues that his new theory can properly explain the unique behaviors of English Whrelated prepositions being able to take two 'optional' operations such as pied-piping and stranding to find legitimate landing sites in a Wh-interrogative construction [7]. However, this new analysis again reveals the following critical problems: (1) Unlike the 'light' English Wh-related prepositions which can two optional operations for legitimate landing sites in a Wh-interrogative construction, 'heavy' Wh-related English prepositions are not allowed to have such two options: they take just one option of pied-piping only. Thus, (2) his argumentation based on the existing constraints and the modified constraint hierarchy is neither general enough nor proper to explain the issue of the relative positioning for all English Wh-related preposition cases. To include such exceptional syntactic property of the 'heavy' preposition cases within the Optimality Theory, we suggest a new constraint of ^*HPrep-STR ranked at the highest position of the constraint hierarchy to disallow a 'heavy' or multi-syllabic Wh-related English preposition to stay alone at the end of a sentence. The new final hierarchy of constraints we suggest to explain the exceptional positioning of 'heavy' Wh-related prepositions together with the other 'light' Wh-related prepositions in English Wh-interrogative construction will be as follows: ^*HPrep-STR>>Align<<>>^*Prep-STR.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.133-141
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• 2013

As a work analysis technique, Work Domain Analysis (WDA) aims to identify the design knowledge structure of a work domain that human operators interact with through human-system interfaces. Abstraction hierarchy (AH) is a multi-level, hierarchical knowledge representation framework for modeling the functional structure of any kinds of systems. Thus, WDA based on AH aims to identify the functional knowledge structure of a work domain. AH has been used in a range of work domains and problems to model their functional knowledge structure and has proven its generality and usefulness. However, many of researchers and system designers have reported that it is never easy to understand the concepts underlying AH and use it effectively for WDA. This would be because WDA is a form of work analysis that is different from other types of work analysis techniques such as task analysis and AH has several unique characteristics that are differentiated from other types of function analysis techniques used in systems engineering. With this issue in mind, this paper introduces the concepts of WDA based on AH and offers a comprehensive list of references. Next, this paper proposes a set of principles for effectively applying AH for work domain analysis, which are developed based on the author's experiences, consultation with experts, and literature reviews.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

The purposes of this study are to identify assessment items to evaluate riverfront for amenity and recreation and to analyze the relative importance of the items using Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP). Total 15 items of 5 categories were identified through literature review and panel discussion. Based on the AHP analysis results, a weighted value was set for each of the layers in the hierachy. 'Ecological Characteristics' (0.333) was rated with the highest weighted value. followed by 'Landscape Characteristics'(0.190) and 'Physical Characteristics'(0.166). Among the assessment items, 'Water Quality' (0.152) and 'River Naturality'(0.118) had higher weighted values. With the set of assessment items field assessments were carried out for Gyung-An Stream of Gyeonggi-Do to exam its applicability. Total 6 segments and 31 reaches out of the 22.5 km long river were evaluated and the mean scores of the five categories were converted into a percentile score for comparison. Overall, the segments which had higher scores were located close to neighborhood areas and had better connections with other historical and cultural amenities. Also, existing facilities was an important factor and needs to be considered for waterfront development.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.460-468
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is propose an alternative for flight attendants to acquire equipment that could enhance the ability to adapt in flying conditions. Introducing and acquiring weapon system, such equipments should be deeply considered in multilateral aspects; reinforcements in the overall strategic status in the army, the ramifications that can contribute to military resources, and economic situations in the country. To do this, we first induced several criteria that can be used for evaluating alternatives. After that, we applied the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach to putting all factors into considerations in decision making for equipment acquirement. The results of this study are expected to have usefulness in formulating strategies and policies in selecting equipment acquisition alternatives for flight attendants.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.8 s.104
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• pp.701-707
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• 2005

This study aims to suggest how the port specialists think the priority of port development in Korea To illustrate the ideas regarding a port development, 87 detailed attributes were identified both from the previous studies and from brainstorming on port professionals. And these were grouped into 6 criteria by 'KJ method' and made into 4 levels hierarchy structure. AHP technique identifies the relative weights of each levels, trends of the preference of port specialists and the composite relative weights of alternatives. As a result, a port development priority in Korea has been proposed.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-94
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• 2006

This study was carried out to show how the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique could be used in setting the priority among selected diseases to increase the range of health insurance benefit. Thirty experts, including doctors (group1), experts for preventive medicine or public health(group2), and representatives of the insured(group 3), participated in the study panel that is conducted for priority setting. They were asked to evaluate the priorities among 6 selected criteria and then 42 selected diseases. The results were as follows; First, representatives of the insured think that the magnitude of out-of-pocket payment should have high priority while doctors think that effectiveness of treatment should have high priority. Second, all experts think that catastrophic diseases such as malignant neoplasm, major heart disease, and cerebral vascular disease should have high priority in health insurance coverage even though there is little difference among groups. These results can be useful to establish a systematic strategy for expanding health insurance benefit package.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.751-766
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• 2011

This study aims to grasp the hierarchy in the influence areas of port by the intensity of freight shipments and to seek the activating methods for the increase of export and import volumes of Pyeongtaek and Dangjin port. Pyeongtaek and Dangjin port whose major import and export freights are natural gas and automobile, were constructed for the increasing trade with People's Republic of China. This port is expanding the influence in the hinterland and foreland of the port, but core influence area of Pyeongtaek and Dangjin port is rich in trade volume within the radius of 70km. To become international as well as national ports, Pyeongtaek and Dangjin is required to execute the active policy to receive many-sideness of sea route and the recognition of freight holders, forwarders and ship companies in many regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2013

Railway line segment deterioration can be affected by rail tracks, subgrades, bridges, tunnels, and line shapes. In this paper, an evaluation method is presented for the railway line segment deterioration using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The importance weights can be assessed systematically for component facilities from numerous experts using AHP. The importance weights provided by experts may differ according to each expert; however, the DEA enables the evaluation of railway line segment deterioration that reflects the variety of expert opinions using these importance weights.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.58-64
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• 2018

The Extraposition phenomenon in English has been analyzed mainly through two approaches: a derivational approach under the Principles & Parameters framework (P&P) and a representational approach under the early Minimalist framework (MP). The first one tries to understand the phenomenon as a result of the movement of a Big Subject first to the end of a sentence which is then followed by the insertion of an expletive 'it' to the empty Subject position. On the other hand, the second one tries to understand it by way of assuming a Big Subject originally base-generated at the end of a sentence which is followed by the insertion of an expletive 'it' to the empty Subject position. The two approaches, however, are not free from theoretical defects at all: the full derivational approach was under controversy in terms of (1) the failure of the Binding Theory and (2) its inability to suggest anything about the marginal reading issue. On the while, the representational approach has been argued (1) to violate the thematic hierarchy that should be kept in D-structure, and (2) to be also unable to suggest the slightest difference in marginal reading issue as the first one. In this paper I focus mainly on analyzing the 'It'-Extraposition phenomenon in the Optimality Theory. I will show that by way of (i) some newly developed constraints such as Subj., and AHSubj. and (ii) a constraint hierarchy of Subj.>>AHSubj., the controversies of 'It-Extraposition' such as (1) the analysis of construction and (2) the very closely related issue of 'marginal reading issue' can be explained properly.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1417-1424
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• 2018

In order to improve the performance of image classifications using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), applying a category hierarchy to the classification can be a useful idea. However, the visual separation of object categories is very different according to the upper and lower category levels and highly uneven in image classifications. Therefore, it is doubtable whether the use of category hierarchies for classification is effective in CNN. In this paper, we have clarified whether the image classification using category hierarchies improves classification performance, and found at which level of hierarchy classification is more effective. For experiments we divided the image classification task according to the upper and lower category levels and assigned image data to each CNN model. We identified and compared the results of three classification models and analyzed them. Through the experiments, we could confirm that classification effectiveness was not improved by reduction of number of categories in a classification model. And we found that only with the re-training method in the last network layer, the performance of lower category classification was not improved although that of higher category classification was improved.