• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-162
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• 2002

Transdermal permeation enhancer has been used to increased skin absorption. External control of drug release and skin absorption can also be achieved by iontophoresis or phonophoresis. However, because several problems with iontophoresis are that it has a risk to skin damage because of the change of pH and the increase of current density in applying it and that it can be applied only in the form of water solution, This study is to enhance drug permeation via skin following application of ultrasound. For this goal, in gel containing piroxicam, the degree of skin permeation in vitro and anti-inflammatory effect in in vivo were investigated. Permeation study using hairless mouse skin was performed at 37 $^{\circ}C$ using buffer saline as the receptor solution. The amount of piroxicam were quantified using a HPLC system consisting of solvent delivery system. Following adoption of ultrasound 1 MHZ, it showed relatively high permeation rate where it was compared with non treated by ultrasound. The influence of duty cycle having an effect on skin permeation rate was slight higher in the case of using pulsed mode. Skin permeation increase attended by intensity of ultrasound, the permeation of trice was accelerated at 2.0 W/$cm^{2}$ than 1.0 W/$cm^{2}$. The skin permeation of piroxicam was substantially influenced by ultrasound. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined using carrageenan-induced paw swelling method in SD rat. Paw swelling tests showed that pulsed phonophoresis group was more effective than control group and only gel application group. The conclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the skin permeation in vitro and the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.324-330
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• 2015

When diagnostic ultrasounds are used, an ultrasonic transmission media is used to effectively transmit the ultrasonic energy. Types of ingredients of polymer hydro gel, emulsion, and oil gel were compared with commercialized products by measuring characteristics of ultrasonic transmission media such as skin lubricity, skin moisturizing, and dryness speed which were contained in each different media. The mean friction coefficient measured to investigate skin lubricity showed high in the agent containing a large amount of oil, whereas the mean friction coefficient of the low viscosity emulsion did not show a significant difference with that of the polymer hydro gel. The moisture evaporation measured to investigate the dryness speed of the agent showed highest in polymer hydro gel. This showed that the larger amount of oil it had, the less moisture evaporation occurred. For skin moisture measured to investigate moisturizing characteristics of skin, low viscosity emulsion showed high in moisture content, whereas it showed slowest reduction in moisture content. As a type of emulsion appropriately containing water and oil is superior in skin moisturizing and skin tenderness, it is expected to serve as a dosage form of new ultrasonic transmission media.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.166-170
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• 2019

Objective: To establish a cost-effective and easily available phantom for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures. Materials and Methods: Tofu, drinking straws filled with coupling gel, a urine tube, and 21-gauge needles were used to generate a phantom thyroid with nodules for training. Twelve radiology residents were involved in the study. The puncture success rates were recorded and compared before and after phantom training using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: On ultrasonography, tofu mimicked the texture of the thyroid. Drinking straws filled with coupling gel mimicked vessels. The urine tube filled with air mimicked the trachea, and 21-gauge needles mimicked small nodules in the transverse section. The entire phantom was similar to the structure of the thyroid and surrounding tissues. The puncture success rates of radiology residents were significantly increased from 34.4 ± 14.2% to 66.7 ± 19.5% after training (p = 0.003). The phantom was constructed in approximately 10 minutes and materials cost less than CNY 10 (approximately $ 1.5) at a local store. Conclusion: The tofu model was cost-effective, easily attainable, and effective for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures in vitro.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2002

Piroxicam is one of the NSAID, which is used in the systemic and topical treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions. Conventionally, for topical use, the drug is formulated in gel. We designed an phonophoretic drug delivery system to investigate the piroxicam permeability and the influence of ultrasound application (continuous mode, pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 MHz, 3.0 MHz) and intensity $(1.0\;w/cm^2,\;1.5\;w/cm^2,\;2.0\;w/cm^2)$ with 0.5% piroxicam gel. Per cutaneous absorption studies were performed in vitro models to determine the rate of drug absorption via the skin. Permeation study using hairless mouse skin was performed at $37^{\circ}C$ using buffered saline (pH 7.4, 10% propylene glycol solution) as the receptor solution. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan-induced foot edema model in rat. A pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin absorption of the piroxicam was observed at all ultrasound energy level studied. Ultrasound was carried out for 10 hr. The highest permeation was observed at intensity of $2.0\;w/cm^2$, frequency of 1.0 MHz and continuous output. The inclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the skin permeation in vitro and the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.576-584
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• 2020

In order to obtain basic information for using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel as a tissue mimicking phantom for temperature visualization, the temperature change characteristics due to the focused ultrasound were examined for different concentration of PVA. To obtain the basic acoustic characteristics, the speed of sound, the attenuation coefficient, and the density depending on the PVA concentration were measured, and the thermodynamic characteristics, such as thermal conductivity and heat capacity, were measured. The range of temperature rising in the vicinity of the focal point due to the focused ultrasound was observed using a thermochromic film that changes color at 30 degree or more, and the discolored area was obtained by image processing of the recorded image. As the concentration of PVA increases in the given range of 2 wt% ~ 16 wt%, the area that rises above 30 degree inside the gel increases linearly. It is confirmed that the discolored area increases as the power applied to the focused ultrasonic transducer increases. These results showed good agreement with the simulation results using the finite element method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.899-909
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• 2021

In Musculoskeletal ultrasound examination, a linear transducer (12-5 MHz) with a contact surface length of 6 cm, which is commonly distributed in medical institutions, does not contact with bent fingers and wrist depressions only by using a conventional liquid ultrasound gel, which causes image loss. In order to solve this image loss, the use of commercially available Water gel pad is increasing. However, it is a disposable medical product. Repeated use is prohibited and expensive. In this study, in order to reduce the economic burden caused by the use of the commercialized Water gel Pad, we searched for water-soluble food thickener powder that can be easily purchased around our lives and manufactured Gel pads. Among them, kappa-Carrageenan Gel Pad, iota-Carrageenan Gel Pad, and Agar-Agar Gel Pad satisfied the evaluation criteria without artifacts in image evaluation using the N-365 Multipurpose Phantom. Also, the price to purchase the food thickener powder was about 38 times cheaper than the existing commercialized Water gel pad. As a result, if you use the food thickener powder such as kappa-Carrageenan, iota-Carrageenan and Agar-Agar to make solidified elastic Gel pad without a cover instead of the commercially available expensive disposable Water gel pad, the convenience and usefulness of use are improved. It is judged that the manufactured Gel pads can contribute well to the role of efficient ultrasound propagation medium.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study investigated the anesthetic effects of lidocaine gel by phonophoretic transdermal delivery. The anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as quantitative sensory testing and sensory nerve conduction study. Twelve healthy males(aged $23.25{\pm}2.09$ years) were studied. Exclusion criteria were ; pain, history of sensory disturbances and skin conditions in the areas to be examined. The subjects were divided into two groups; group I(lidocaine gel without ultrasound) and group II(lidocaine gel with ultrasound). The following results were obtained; 1. In changes of tactile threshold and electrical pain threshold, all groups were significantly increased(p<0.05). 2. In changes of electrical pain threshold, it was significantly differenced between the groups(p<0.05). We conclude that the transdermal delivery of lidocaine gel by phonophoresis has a possibility to use for surface anesthesia and the pain control of the superficial tissue.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 2008

To investigate the enhancing effects in transdermal permeation of drug using newly designed ultrasound apparatus of 500 kHz, the transdermal permeation studies through the hairless mouse skin were conducted with lidocaine. The ultrasound apparatus of 500 kHz frequency and transducer were newly developed. The drug permeation studies were performed according to the ultrasound frequencies such as 1 MHz and 500 kHz at $1W/cm^2$ in intensity in continuous mode or pulsed mode, respectively. The results on transdermal permeation of lidocaine according to ultrasound intensity showed that the drug permeation increased as the intensity was higher.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2003

This study was to compared the effectiveness of piroxicam gel phonophoresis with conventional ultrasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Eighteen patients with a means age of $55.7{\pm}5$ years were randomly assigned to phonophoresis or ultrasound groups. Continuous ultrasonic waves of 1 MHz frequency and $1\;W/cm^2\;SATA_i$ were applied for 5 minutes to the target knee joint. This study indicated their pain level by marking on a visual analog scale(VAS) at the start of treatment and at the end of 3day. Osteoarthritis VAS scores, pain on rest state, non weight bearing range of motion, 20 meters walking, and walking step by the patients were evaluated before and after therapy. Both therapeutic modalities were found to be effective and generally well tolerated after 3 therapy sessions. But piroxicam phonophoresis was not superior to conventional ultrasound in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1343-1348
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• 2014

A cholesterol-bridge-naphthopyran dyad (NP-MCB) was designed and synthesized. NP-MCB can readily self-assemble into gels under ultrasound-radiation in several organic solvents and the formed gels easily transfer to solution by heat. This reversible process can be repeated many times. Scanning Electron Microscopy results showed that the morphologies of all formed xerogels in different solvents have fibrillar microstructure. The gels formation was due to energy and pressure afforded by the ultrasonic process, resulting in formation of molecular hydrogen bonding and molecular aggregation. NP-MCB displayed the normal photochromism both in solution and gel states. The kinetic results confirm that the colored merocyanine in gels show a slower fading speed than that in solution due to the compact aggregation of NP-MCB molecules in gels. The xerogel film formed in polar gelling solvent had large surface wettability than that in nonpolar gelling solvent.