Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.17946/JRST.2021.44.3.231

Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces in an Ultrasound Room  

Kim, Hee-jeong (Department of Gynecological Cancer Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center)
Choi, Yujin (Department of Radiological Science, Shinhan University)
Lee, Chang-Lae (Department of Radiological Science, Yonsei University)
Publication Information
Journal of radiological science and technology / v.44, no.3, 2021 , pp. 231-237 More about this Journal
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the importance of hospital hygiene and infection control in hospital settings. To raise hygiene awareness among ultrasound technicians, we evaluated the hygiene status of an ultrasound room, in comparison with that of objects used in daily life. Using the swab method, the following surfaces were examined: eight surfaces in the ultrasound room including the ultrasound probes (convex, linear, sector, 3D), ultrasound track ball, ultrasound keyboard, ultrasound gel (sealed and in use) and pillow as well as four surfaces of everyday objects including subway handles, common computer keyboards, common computer mouse, and cell phones. The streak plate technique was used for inoculation into media, which was observed for the formation of bacterial colonies following incubation for 24 h. Six bacterial strains were detected from objects used in the ultrasound room, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Four strains of bacteria were detected on surfaces of everyday objects. The equipment and accessories used in an ultrasound room can act as vehicles for infecting patients. Establishment of standardized hygiene protocols and periodic training of the staff are recommended to avoid cross-infection.
Keywords
Hospital hygiene; Ultrasound equipment; Everyday objects; Hospital infections; Bacterial contamination management;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Yoon J, Kim HJ. A study on effective disinfection methods of medical ultrasound probe resident floras. Journal of the Korea Academia-industrial Cooperation Society. 2018;19(1):346-54.   DOI
2 Rosenthal VD, Bat-Erdene I, Gupta D, Belkebir S, Rajhans P, Zand F, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium [INICC] report, data summary of 45 countries for 2012-2017: Device-associated module. American Journal of Infection Control. 2020;48(4):423-32.   DOI
3 McBryde E, Bradley L, Whitby M, McElwain D. An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2004;58(2):104-8.   DOI
4 Nyhsen CM, Humphreys H, Koerner RJ, Grenier N, Brady A, Sidhu P, et al. Infection prevention and control in ultrasound-best practice recommendations from the European Society of Radiology Ultrasound Working Group. Insights into Imaging. 2017;8(6):523-35.   DOI
5 Ha MJ, Kim JK. A study on the hygiene management of ultrasound probe. Journal of Radiological Science and Technology. 2020;43(2):87-96.   DOI
6 Yue J, Dong BR, Yang M, Chen X, Wu T, Liu GJ. Linezolid versus vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections. Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal. 2014;9(1):103-66.   DOI
7 Cappuccino JG, Sherman N. Microbiology: A laboratory manual. Benjamin/Cumming Publishers; 2005.
8 Kim AY, Cho PK, Song DY, Kim SJ. Causes of bacterial growth in gels and gel containers used for ultrasonography. Journal of Radiological Science and Technology. 2020;43(5):359-65.   DOI
9 Rutala WA. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. American Journal of Infection Control. 1990;18(2):99-117.   DOI
10 Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/disinfection_nov_2008.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2014.
11 Eckstein BC, Adams DA, Eckstein EC, Rao A, Sethi AK, Yadavalli GK, et al. Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2007;7(1):1-6.   DOI
12 Liu R, Nomura J, Tayal V. Policy statement guideline for ultrasound transducer cleaning and disinfection. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2018; 72:1016.
13 Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Disinfection and sterilization: an overview. American Journal of Infection Control. 2013;41(5):S2-5.   DOI
14 Sweet D, Lorente M, Lorente JA, Valenzuela A, Villanueva E. An improved method to recover saliva from human skin: The double swab technique. Journal of Forensic Science. 1997;42(2):320-2.
15 Paintsil E, Binka M, Patel A, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: Implications for risks of transmission. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;209(8):1205-11.   DOI
16 Harley J, Prescott L. Laboratory exercises in microbiology. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers; 1990:49-53.
17 Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR. Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] infections in surgical wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013;3:CD010427.
18 Tarzmani MK, Eshraghi N, Asghari B, Estakhri R, Eshraghi A. Role of ultrasound probes in transmission of hospital infections. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 2010;1(4):134-6.
19 Chu K, Obaid H, Babyn P, Blondeau J. Bacterial contamination of ultrasound probes at a tertiary referral university medical center. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2014;203(5):928-32.   DOI
20 Maselli DJ, Keyt H, Restrepo MI. Inhaled antibiotic therapy in chronic respiratory diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017;18(5):1062.   DOI
21 An R, Sreevatsan S, Grewal PS. Moraxella osloensis gene expression in the slug host Deroceras reticulatum. BMC Microbiology. 2008;8(1):1-11.   DOI
22 Schenck LP, Surette MG, Bowdish DM. Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota. FEBS Letters. 2016;590(21): 3705-20.   DOI
23 Guerrero DM, Carling PC, Jury LA, Ponnada S, Nerandzic MM, Donskey CJ. Beyond the Hawthorne effect: Reduction of Clostridium difficile environmental contamination through active intervention to improve cleaning practices. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2013;34(5):524-6.   DOI
24 Sartoretti T, Sartoretti E, Bucher C, Doert A, Binkert C, Hergan K, et al. Bacterial contamination of ultrasound probes in different radiological institutions before and after specific hygiene training: do we have a general hygienical problem? European Radiology. 2017;27(10):4181-7.   DOI