• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to examine diet-induced changes in the expression of UCP2 mRNA in the liver and UCP3 mRNA in the skeletal muscle of mice fed a high-sucrose or high-fat diet. Male ICR mice, aged 4 weeks, were divided into three dietary groups and fed control (N) or modified AIN-76 high-sucrose (US) or high-fat (HF) diets for 12 weeks. The serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of the HF group were significantly higher than those of the N and HS groups. The hepatic TC and triglyceride contents of the HS and HF groups were also significantly higher than those of the N group. The HS diet group had higher serum leptin and insulin levels compared to those of the HF group. Hepatic UCP2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the HS group than in the N group, but the level in the HF group did not differ from that of the N group. Muscular UCP3 mRNA level was significantly higher in the HF group and especially in the HS group than in N the group. We observed that two gene (UCP2, 3) levels exhibited a similar tendency. These results suggest that UCPs mRNA levels and energy expenditure may be altered or controlled by various dietary patterns. Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of diet on the regulation of many obesity-related genes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 전지방세포를 이용하여 발효 삼정환의 지방 분화 억제 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 삼정환을 5가지 주요 유산균으로 각각 발효시킨 후, Oil Red O 염색법으로 지방세포 분화 억제 여부를 알아보고, 이의 기전을 알기 위해서 지방생성에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 transcription factor 및 지질 조절 효소의 유전자 발현량을 비교하여 보았다. Oil Red O 염색 분석에서는 Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium으로 발효한 삼정환에서 지방구 수의 감소를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 transcription factor로 $C/EPB{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2 및 콜레스테롤 조절과 관련된 효소인 HMG-CoA reductase의 4가지 유전자 발현 정도를 분석하였는데, 발효시키지 않은 삼정환의 경우 농도가 $100{\mu}L/mL$ 이상일 때 네 가지 항목에서 억제 효과를 나타냈으며, 발효시켰을 때는 유산균의 종류에 따라 효과 억제효과가 있었는데, Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환이 효과가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환은 동일 농도의 발효하지 않은 삼정환과 비교했을 때, Oil Red O 실험에서 염색된 지방구 수가 더욱 감소하였으며, $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase의 경우 농도가 $200{\mu}L/mL$일 때 각각 35%, 57%, 54%로 5가지 발효 삼정환 중 가장 높은 억제율을 나타내었다. 이에 지방분화 억제 효과를 가진 삼정환을 발효시키면 그 효과가 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환은 $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase의 유전자 발현조절을 통해 지방 분화를 억제시키는 것으로 밝혀져 발효 삼정환은 항비만 혹은 항고지혈증 약물로 개발 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1401-1406
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• 2018

Objective: The uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a member of the mitochondrial anion carrier superfamily and has crucial effects on growth and feed efficiency in many species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association of polymorphisms in the UCP3 gene with feed efficiency in meat-type chickens. Methods: Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the UCP3 gene were chosen to be genotyped using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in meat-type chicken populations with 724 birds in total. Body weight at 49 (BW49) and 70 days of age (BW70) and feed intake (FI) in the interval were collected, then body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated individually. Results: One SNP with a low minor allele frequency (<1%) was removed by quality control and data filtering. The results showed that rs13997809 of UCP3 was significantly associated with BWG and FCR (p<0.05), and that rs13997811 had significant effects on BW70 and BWG (p<0.05). Rs13997812 of UCP3 was strongly associated with BW70, FI, and FCR (p<0.05). Furthermore, individuals with AA genotype of rs13997809 had significantly higher BWG and lower FCR (p<0.05) than those with AT genotype. The GG individuals showed strongly higher BW70 and BWG than AA birds in rs13997811 (p<0.05). Birds with the TT genotype of rs13997812 had significantly greater BW70 and lower FCR compared with the CT birds (p<0.05). In addition, the TAC haplotype based on rs13997809, rs13997811, and rs13997812 showed significant effects on BW70, FI, and FCR (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results therefore demonstrate important roles for UCP3 polymorphisms in growth and feed efficiency that might be used in meat-type chicken breeding programs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.823-830
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• 2005

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of bacteria-derived $\beta$-glucan fiber on serum lipids, adiposity and uncoupling protein (UCP) expression in rats. In order to induce obesity, Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats were allowed free access to AIN-76A diet until 4 weeks of age, and fed high-fat diet (beef tallow, $40\%$ of calories as fat) for 6 weeks until 10 weeks of age. Rats were then fed with $0\%$ thigh- fat control group), $1\%$, or $5\%$ bacterial ~-glucan supplemented high-fat diets (w/w) for another 6 weeks. For comparison, normal control group was fed with AIN-76 diet $11.7\%$ fat). Supplementation with bacterial $\beta$-glucan resulted in a significant reduction of high-fat-induced white fat (i.e., visceral and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy, and development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels were greatly reduced, but, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were increased by bacterial $\beta$-glucan supplementation. Serum leptin level was lower in the $\beta$-glucan groups than in the high-fat group. The expression of UCPs (UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) were significantly increased by $5\%$ bacterial $\beta$-glucan-containing diet. This study suggests that the anti-obesity effect of $5\%$ bacterial $\beta$-glucan is attributed to upregulation of UCPs and inefficient energy utilization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.796-804
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• 2004

We found previously that dietary high fat caused obesity, and levan supplementation to the regular diet reduced adiposity and serum lipids. In the present study, we examined the effects of levan [high-molecular-mass $\beta$-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer] supplement on the development of obesity and lipid metabolism in rats fed with high-fat diet. Thus, to determine whether the dietary levan may have the anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects, 4-wk-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with high-fat diet for 6 wk to induce obesity, and subsequently fed with 0, 1, 5, or 10% levan supplemented high-fat diets (w/w) for another 4 wk. For the comparison, a normal control group was fed with AIN-76A diet. Supplementation with levan resulted in a significant reduction of high-fat-induced body weight gain, white fat (i.e., epididymal, visceral, and peritoneal fat) development, adipocyte hypertrophy, and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia in a dose-dependent manner. Serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were greatly reduced by levan supplementation. Serum total cholesterol level was reduced, whereas the HDL cholesterol level was increased by dietary levan. The expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) was increased by dietary high fat, and was further induced by levan supplementation. The mRNA level of UCP1, 2, and 3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and UCP3 in skeletal muscle was upregulated in rats fed with dietary levan. In conclusion, upregulated UCP mRNA expression may contribute to suppression of development of obesity through increased energy expenditure. The present results suggest that levan supplementation to the diet is beneficial in suppressing diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• 정보학연구
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.55-72
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• 2000

본 연구는 오늘날 국제금융 또는 국제건설공사거래 외에 매매대금의 지급을 위해 활용되는 보증신용장을 중심으로 하여 보증신용장의 본질과 보증신용장과 관련된 국제규칙을 분석한 다음, 보증신용장에 관한 신통일규칙의 제정배경과 규정된 내용 기존의 UCP와 URDG 등과 비교하여 이 규칙의 효용성과 활용상의 문제점들을 구체적으로 제시하였다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.463-470
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a fruit diet and exercise on body composition and hematological parameters in female collegians according to their uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) genotypes. Nine subjects were recruited from the SahmYook University. 4 subjects carried the ID genotype, 5 the DD genotype, and none of the subjects carried the II genotype. After 10 days of the program, BMI were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the ID genotype and the DD genotype. Mean total energy intake from fruit diet was 888.1 kcal. Fat mass and % body fat were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in subjects with the ID genotype. Hemoglobin level was significantly increased (p<0.05) in subjects with the DD genotype. This study provided evidence that fruit diet and exercise could decrease the BMI in subjects with the ID and DD genotypes and increase the hemoglobin level in those with the DD genotype.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제22권
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• pp.3-48
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• 2004

Many presentations of documents are rejected because credits have been incorrectly issued. One reason of rejecting the documents is related with error in application stage of L/C. Errors may take the form of mismatches between the terms of the sales contract and the provisions stipulated in the credit. Thus, Article 5 encourages applicants to make their contribution to the smooth running of the letter of credit process by being unambiguous and brief. Another reason that the banks reject the documents relates to the ambiguity of the term "International Standard Banking Practice" That is to say, UCP500 Art.13 introduced the term "International Standard Banking Practice"(ISBP) without the definition so that one wonder what ISBP is or how ISBP apply in daily work of bankers, examination of documents. From hence, International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) started the work to document ISBP at May 2000, finally approved the result last year and published the publication titled "International Standard Banking Practice for the examination of documents under documentary credits." By applying ISBP in document examination stage, I expect that the freqency of rejecting the documents grow less and bankers' work of examination become easy. On the other hand, ISBP is supplement to UCP500 so that the interpretation of ISBP is made on the basis of understanding of UCP and its underlying principles. So, I reviewed each paragraphs of ISBP on this basis and tried to indicate contradiction between ISBP and UCP500. But because of reading not enough, I failed to search the connotative sense many paragraphs have.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.161-189
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• 2006

This paper is aiming at analyzing case law of India in relation with reasonable time to make decision whether to accept or to refuse the documents received from the presenter in credit transactions. As specified in UCP, the failure to refuse to accept the documents within a reasonable time precludes the Issuing Bank, Confirming Bank (if any) and Nominated Bank from asserting that they are discrepant. Compliance of the stipulated documents on their face with the terms and conditions of the credit shall be determined by international standard banking practice as reflected in this Articles of UCP 500. The Issuing bank is only to be held responsible for honoring the documents presented by beneficiary through the nominated banks if they are strictly in compliance with terms and conditions of the Credit. As any well experienced banker knows, however, a word-by-word, letter-by-letter correspondence between the documents and the credit terms means a practical impossibility. Thus the notion of reasonable care in conjunction with the doctrine of strict compliance mixed with International Standard Banking Practices has not played a right functional standard for checking the documents as stipulated in the credit and UCP 500. And so the rejection rate is highly estimated at approximately 50% in EU and 40 to 70% according to their geographical locations in the USA. As a result, it can possibly be inferred from this fact that the credit industry would be facing the functional failure as the international trade credit facility, if not supported with motive power as a relevant scheme in UCP 500. It is quite important to note that UCP 500 Article 13(b) which specify the time limit for the banks to notify the presenter their decision not to accept the documents within a reasonable time not to exceed seven banking days following the day of receipt of documents would be the motive engine to improve the negotiability of documents in international trade financial facility.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.404-413
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• 2007

This study was carried out to compare UCP2 polymorphism, dietary habits, and obesity index in normal and obese university students. The survey was carried out using self-questionnaires collected from the 126 normal and 60 obese university students. The results are summarized as follows. Breakfast was skipped in 43.7% of normal and 49.3% of obesity students and it appeared obese students eat faster than normal students. The percentage of weight control experience were 49.2 and 71.0 in the normal and obese students, respectively. Blood levels of lipid profiles(triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol), hemoglobin, AST and ALT were anaylzed. In UCP2 genes, the frequency of deletion homozygote(DD) was 71.5%, heterozygote(DI) was 26.9% and insertion homozygote(II) was 1.6%. Plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol of normal students were 79.06, 172.25, 100.86 and 57.03 mg/dl, and those of obese students were 93.06, 173.22, 101.22 and 54.39 mg/dl, respectively. Blood parameters were in normal range in both group. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels of obese students were higher than those of normal students. On the other hand, plasma HDL cholesterol levels of obese students were lower than those of normal students. Plasma levels of AST and ALT were in normal range in both group. However, AST and ALT levels of obese students were higher than that of normal students. Thus, it was recommended for them to have a nutritional education program to improve their dietary and living habits for obese students’health. Nutritional education program should also be organized practically and systematically.