• 대한한의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2012

Objectives: We measured the density of smoke and harmful gases emitted from burning adhesive indirect moxa. Through the test we aimed to find out if there was an excessive amount of smoke emitted and if it included harmful gases. Methods: 9 types of adhesive indirect moxa were chosen. The buffer layers which do not burn during treatment were removed and 10g of each moxa were made into powder and put into a holder. A smoke density chamber (Smoke Density Chamber FTT. U.K) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR I 4001. MIDAC U.S.A.) were used to measure the density of smoke and harmful gases emitted from burning moxa by ISO 5659-2 test. Results: The result of measuring maximum smoke density showed that the regular indirect adhesive moxa (A-F) emitted high density smoke of 172.1-291.4Ds. The smokeless moxas, Seoam moxas, emitted the least amount of 3.4-5.5Ds. Concentrations of 7 typical harmful gases (CO, HCl, HCN, HBr, HF, SO2, NOx) were measured and all of the moxas emitted CO due to incomplete combustion. 4 types of moxa emitted NOx and all smokless moxas emitted NOx. HBr, HCN, HCl, HF, SO2 were not found in any of the moxas. Conclusions: The amount of harmful gases emitted from burning moxa was much lower than short-term exposure standards of chemical and physical factors (Ministry of Labor 2010-44). Further experiments measuring gases from moxa combustion should be done in larger environments similar to normal medical clinics.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.53-78
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to verify the factors determining core journals in a field based upon the results of the citation analysis of the journals in the field of Korean History(KH). In order to verify the determinant factors, dividing the articles of the KH journals into their novelty and author's seniority, the following hypotheses were established. Hypothesis 1: When a KH journal publishes more articles on prehistoric and ancient eras than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. Hypothesis 2: When a KH journal publishes more articles by senior researchers than others, the journal will have higher chance to be included in the core journals. To achieve the purpose, the cited articles found in the two sample journals, namely, Backsan Hakbo and Hanguksa Yongu were analysed during the past 20 years from 1962 to 1981. Applying the Hirst's Discipline Impact Factor method to the the study, Historical Science Impact Factor(HSIF) on the samples itself and the historical era dealt with in the articles and the seniority of the authors during every five-year period. Based upon thr present study to ver~fy the two hypotheses, the following conclusions have been reached. 1) Tht. most influencing sublect mattcr era or1 thix liSIF of the lo~lrual is arranged in prehistoric arid ancient, Koryo, Chosun, recent era, and the others by order of era. 2 ) Clial~g~~lg a fringe or semicore journal u~to a core j ~ u r n a l , very IISIF' 011 it> article e r a 1s grown up arrd prcllistoric a ~ ~ d ancierlt era:. are, s p c c ~ a l l ~ , incr.eased high relatively. Char~ging a core journal int:~ a fr~ngr or semicort. journal, t.very IISIF ti dropped and prel~istc~ric and ancieut taras arc, fallen sharp relatively. 3) The most irlflr~encin~ s~niority 011 the t1SII- of ihc journal I. the senior.., written or1 prehistoric and ancient eras. Above all, the senilir'b HSIF olr prehistoric anti anclent e r a s a r e most ~nfluencing the cliangi~rg of the core journal into the fringe ur bemicore. .i) flypothesis fl is no1 vcrif~ed i r t general. T l ~ e rt, lative connections bet wee^^ the senior's HSIF 011 each era and tht, ~ l ~ a l ~ g i t l g of the tort. ji1ur.tia1 arc \:er~fied in part hut r~ot in the wliole. 5) 'The reason why the 11SIF or1 prehistori~. arid ar~cic~nt e r a s is higl~er than others can be assumed becaltic the new <, xcavations a r r contit~ued actively i l l the prrsr.llt as to the relics arid remains or1 that eras. Accordingly, the HSIF' r i l l thr 11ew 3ubject matter l~ke arcl~acmlogy trends to grow up greatly. Bctween the senior's and juriior's JISIE', junior'.; is higl~er than s., nior's except ancient e r a . That reason can be assumed bccausr Iunlorb t r j to solve the ex~sting problems thr~urglr their ow11 new viewpoints and sights. So, i t should be studied whether the 11SlF on the artic1t.s of the new subject matters and viewpoirrts is influenced to the changing of the core jorlrnal or not.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1083-1093
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• 2011

왕겨를 기질로 사용하여 carboxymethylcellualse (CMCase)를 생산하는 미생물을 해수에서 분리하였으며 16S rDNA의 염기서열을 분석하여 동정한 결과, Bacillus lichemiformis로 확인되었다. CMCase를 생산하기 위한 최적의 탄소원과 질소원은 왕겨와 암모니움 나이트레이트이었다. 통계학적인 방법인 response surface method (RSM)을 사용하여 CMCase를 생산하기 위한 조건을 최적화하였다. 통계학적인 분석 결과, 왕겨가 균체의 생육에 미치는 영향이 가장 높았으며, 왕겨와 배지의 초기 pH가 CMCase 생산에 미치는 영향이 높았다. Design Expert Software를 사용하여 결과를 분석한 결과, 균체의 생장에 최적인 조건은 48.7 g/l 왕겨, 1.8 g/l 암모니움 나이트레이트, 배지의 초기 pH 6.8 및 배양온도 35.7$^{\circ}C$이었으나, CMCase의 생산에 최적인 조건은 43.2 g/l 왕겨, 1.1 g/l 암모니움 나이트레이트, 배지의 초기 pH 6.8 및 배양온도 35.7$^{\circ}C$이었다. 최적화된 조건에서 왕겨를 기질로 사용하여 B. lincheniformis LBH-52가 생산하는 CMCase는 79.6 U/ml이었다. 본 연구를 통하여 왕겨와 암모니움 나이트레이트를 CMCase를 생산하는 기질로 개발하였으며, 해수에서 분리한 미생물을 사용하여 생산기간을 3일로 단축하였다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-74
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• 2004

The macrocycle L exhibited a switch on-off behavior through the fluorescent responses by aromatic imine molecule 1 (X=H) / trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). In the 'switch on' state, it was supposed that the aromatic imine molecule 1 is in the cavity of macrocycle L and a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the nitrogen of azacrown part to the anthryl group is inhibited by the interaction between the aromatic imine molecule 1 and the azacrown part of macrocycle L. In the 'switch off' state, it was supposed that the protonated imine molecule 1 is induced by the continuous addition of TFA and a repulsion between the protonated azacrown part and the protonated imine molecule 1 is occurred. It was considered that this process induces the intermolecular PET from the protonated imine molecule 1 to the anthryl group of macrocycle L because of a proximity effect between the anthryl group and the protonated imine molecule 1. From the investigation of the transient emission decay curve, the macrocycle L showed three components (3.45 ns (79.72%), 0.61 ns (14.53%), and 0.10 ns (5.75%). When the imine molecule 1 was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=1:1, the first main component showed a little longer lifetime as 3.68 ns (82.75%) although the other two components were similar as 0.64 ns (14.28%) and 0.08 ns (2.96%). On the contrary, when the imine molecule 3 (X=C1) was added in the macrocycle L as molar ratio=l:1, all the three components were decreased such as 3.27 ns (69.83%), 0.44 ns (13.24%), and 0.06 ns (16.93%). The fluorescent pH titration of macrocycle L was carried out from pH=3 to pH=9. The macrocycle L and C $U^{2+}$- macrocycle L complex were intersected at about pH=5, while the E $u^{3+}$ -macrocycle L complex was intersected at about pH=5.5. In addtion, we investigated the fluorescence change of macrocycle L as a function of the substituent constant ($\sigma$$_{p}$$^{o}$) showing in the para-substituent with electron withdrawing groups (X=F, Cl) and electron donating groups (X=C $H_3$, OC $H_3$, N(C $H_3$)$_2$), respectively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).).ctively, as well as non-substituent (X=H).

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.105-127
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• 2005

This research is on the characteristics and roles of important cities of Germany based on the history of the modern art museum and its possessions. Especially, it is focusing on the modern art museums in the western Germany including Dusseldorf, Koln, and Frankfrut that have shown economic recovery from the Miracle of Rhine; the capital city of Germany, Berlin, as well as Munich, the second capital city of Germany. Here, it harmonizes with the tradition of the past and simultaneously, it spreads the concept and role of the new museum as a forerunner. After the WWII, this is the most active of supporting investment for art museums and authors from the economic development. Also, it represents Germany with its national promotion of culture and arts. The modern art museums of Germany emphasize the mission that they exist for the people and the nation as well as creation of new art culture. These art museums working for national culture and art development do not simply collect and preserve arts. They induce active involvement from the public and keep in mind of national objectives. Here, art museums become and educational setting for the people and a room for new art culture. This research is on Germany modern art museum and it is composed of important 'public institutions' of Germany that critically influence the growth of world-renown authors. After the unification of Germany, Munchen and the western region became an important places centering around new Berlin modern art museum. They are the best places that show the national objectives and regional characteristics. Also, there are art museum educational curriculum and open space for the people by explaining exhibition plans and contents. Furthermore, there are two characteristics of German modern art museums that are noteworthy. Firstly, there are Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie, Munchen's Pinakothek de Moderne, and Dusseldorf's 'K20' (Kunstsammlung N-Westfalen K20) that are the roots of modern art. These modern art museums exhibit popular author's collection repeatedly. This has a tendency to standardize audiences' view or to make audiences bored. It is becoming more like a trend for art work to appear and disappear. Despite these problems, German modern art museums play a critical role for a new cultural art creation and for the national identity by attempting to show the works of domestic authors as well as an intensive collection of world-renown authors' works. Secondly, there is a role as a new art museum to work together with people. It strives to continuously educate difficult modem arts, exhibits in an open space stimulating interest, participation, and conversations. From these roles, Hamburger Bahnhof Museum fur Gegenwart or Dusseldorf's 'K21, Frankfurt Museum $f\"{u}r$ Moderne Kunst, $Kf\"{o}ln$ Museum Ludwig are given new attention. Here, they emphasize the importance of communicating with the audiences and provides experiences that are different from the original spaces by showing the architecture tecture style of the art museum. In conclusion, German modern art museums attempt various changes by connecting to art education. With art museum activities, there forms a connection between arts and the lives of people, and from this, creative cultural art focused on the art museum borns. This is not only limited to Germany, the U.S., etc. We, too, should pay attention to new art culture creation from changes of role and function of modern art museums.

• 대한치과보존학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치과보존학회 2001년도 추계학술대회(제116회) 및 13회 Workshop 제3회 한ㆍ일 치과보존학회 공동학술대회 초록집
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• pp.577-577
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• 2001

The lastest concepts in bonding are "total etch", in which both enamel and dentin are etched with an acid to remove the smear layers, and "wet dentin" in which the dentin is not blown dry but left moist before application of the bonding primer. Ideally, the application of a bonding agent to tooth structure should be insensitive to minor contamination from oral fluids. Clinically contaminations such as saliva, gingival fluid, blood and handpiece lubricant are often encountered by dentists during preparation of a restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of contamination by hem-ostatic agents on shear bond strength of compomer restorations. One hundred and ten extracted human maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were collected. The teeth were cleaned from soft tissue remnant and debris and stored in physiologic solution until they were used. Small flat area on dentin of the buccal surface were wet ground serially with 400, 800 and 1200 abrasive paper on automatic polishing machine. The teeth were randomly divided into 11 groups. Each group was conditioned as follows: Group 1 : Dentin surface was not etched and not contaminated by hemostatic agents. Group2 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Astringedent (Ultradent product Inc., Utah, U.S.A.). Group3 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Bosmin (Jeil Phann, Korea.). Group4 : Dentin surface was not etched but was contaminated by Epri-dent (Epr Industries, NJ, U.S.A.). Group5: Dentin surface was etched and not contaminated by hemostatic agents. Group 6 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Astringedent. Group7 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Bosmin. Group8 : Dentin surface was etched and contaminated by Epri-dent. Group9 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Astringedent. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water and dried by compressed air. Group10 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Bosmin. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water aud dried by compresfed air. Group 11 : Dentin surface was contaminated by Epri-dent. The contaminated surface was rinsed by water and dried by compresfed air. After surface conditioning, F2000 was applicated on the conditoned dentin surface. The teeth were thermocycled in distilled water at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ for 1000 cycles. The samples were placed on the binder with the bonded compomer-dentin interface parallel to the lmife-edge shearing rod of the Universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany) running at a cross head speed of 1.0mmimin. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between groups 1 and group 3 and 4, but group 2 showed significant decrease in shear bond strength compared with group 1. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group 5 and group 7 and 8, but group 6 showed significant decrease in shear bond strength compared with group 5. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between group 5 and group 9, 10 and 11.

• 공업화학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.190-196
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• 1990

생물활성을 가질 것으로 예상되는 1-(methacryloyloxymethyl)-5-fluorouracil(MAOMFU)을 2, 4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-5-fluoropyrimidine으로 부터 합성하고, MAOMF와 메틸메타크릴레이트(MMA)를 cyclohexanone 용매로 사용하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 라디칼 공중합을 하였다. 공중합체 내의 단량체조성은 공중합체의 UV스펙트럼으로 부터 정량분석하여 구하였다. $Kelen-T\ddot{u}d\ddot{o}s$법에 의해 구한 각각의 단량체 반응성비의 값은 $r_1(MAOMFU)=0.72$, $r_2(MMA)=1.24$ 이었다. 얻어진 단량체 반응성비의 값들로부터 MAOMFU와 MMA의 공중합에서 MAOMFU의 입체장애 효과가 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. MAOMFU와 poly(MAOMFU)의 가용매분해속도상수는 각각 $6.42{\times}10^{-5}sec^{-1}$와 $7.40{\times}10^{-6}sec^{-1}$ 이었다. 얻어진 가용매분해속도상수로부터 poly(MAOMFU)에서 5-fluorouracil의 가용매분해속도는 MAOMFU 보다 약 5배 느리다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.137-147
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• 1999

Cahn-balance에 의한 TGA(thermal gravimetric analysis)와 heat pipe가 내삽된 유동상 탈착 시스템을 이용한 실험 및 이론적 고찰을 통해 유동상 열탈착조에서 디젤오염토양의 열탈착 모델링을 확립하였다. 유류에 오염된 토양의 탈착 특성을 살펴본 결과, 비다공성(nonporous)토양("soil A")의 경우 유류 탈착 빠르게 진행되는데 반해서 다공성(porous)토양("soil B")의 경우 탈착이 지연되는 현상을 관측하였는데 이는 내부 기공에서 탈착된 유류성분이 외부로 빠져 나오는데 걸리는 시간이 비다공성 토양에 비해 상대적으로 길기 때문으로 사료된다. 또한, 확산지배 탈착 영역에서는 탈착속도는 탈착가스의 유속과는 거의 상관없는 경향을 보였다. 연속식 유동상에서의 탈착효율에 영향을 미치는 변수는 탈착조 온도, 유속, 토양 공급량 이였다. 모든 온도 범위 내에서, 유동화속도가 클수록 잔류오일의 양이 감소하는, 즉 탈착효율이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 낮은 탈착온도 일수록 유동화 유속의 증가에 따라 뚜렷한 탈착효율의 증가효과를 관측할 수 있었다. 반면에 일정한 유속 하에서 토양공급 속도의 증가에 따라 탈착 효율은 감소하였다. 공급속도가 높을 때에는 온도와는 상관없이 잔류오염물의 농도가 대체적으로 높았는데, 이는 screw feeder를 통해 유입되는 오염토양이 충분한 체류시간을 거치지 않고 빠져나감으로써 충분한 열적 교환 및 물질이동이 이루어지지 않았음을 나타내주고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Fickian 확산계수를 결합시킨 Kunii-Levenspiel 모델을 통하여 유동화 속도에 따른 오염토양의 탈착 경향을 살퍼본 결과 탈착 효율 $A_X$는 전체 물질전달계수 (${K_d}_f$)와 유체유속과 기포상 승속도의 비($u_o$$u_b$)의 변화에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 모델링의 예측 결과로부터 유동층내의 확산 지배에 의한 오염토양의 탈착효율은 여러 조업변수의 조합에 의해 최적화 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었고, 아주 낮은 최소 유동화속도에서도 높은 탈착효율을 얻을 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 얻을 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 온실의 온풍식 난방시스템 연통에 장착할 수 있는 폐열 회수기의 성능 개선을 목적으로 기 설계된 세 가지 열교환 장치와 기존의 장치에서 열교환 면적과 파이프의 두께 및 공기흐름 방향을 개량한 새 열교환 장치에 대해 열회수 성능을 실험적으로 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 기존의 열 교환장치인 A형, B형 및 C형의 열회수 성능은 동일 송풍전입에서 각각 42.2%, 40.6% 및 54.4% 정도였으나 , 새로 개량된 D형은 69.2%로써 가장 현저히 높게 나타났다. 그러나 열회수용 공기의 흐름방향 변화에 따른 열회수 성능 개선효과 (A형 대비 B형)는 없는 것으로 나타나 적정 송풍기 용량이라면 직선형이 공기의 흐름방향 180${\circ}C$ 굴절시키는 헤어핀형보다 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 결국 열회수 성능은 열회수 시스템의 열교환 면적과 열교환 파이프의 두께 및 풍속에 크게 좌우되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 열교환 파이프의 내구성 등 을 고려하여 기능한 한 범위 내에서 열 교환면적을 증대시키거나 열교환 파이프의 두께를 앓게 하고 풍속을 증대시키는 것이 열회수 성능 개선효과와 직결됨을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 송풍기 용량이 필요이상으로 큰 경우, 소비전력이 많게 되는 등의 문제가 있기 때문에 적정용량 및 제품의 안정성을 고려하여 선택해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.45-56
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• 1999

본 연구의 목적은 불순물들을 다량 함유한 mill scale과 ferro-Mn을 정제과정을 거쳐 불순물들의 함량을 100 ppm 이하로 감소시킨 후 이들을 원료로 사용하여 Mn-Zn ferrite 원료분말을 기존의 고상반응법이 아닌 분무배소 방법에 의해 제조하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 정제된 원료용액을 분무배소시킴으로써 고상의 미세한 복합산화물 분말을 형성시키며, 생성된 분말을 효율적으로 포집할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 유해 생성기체를 중화시킬 수 있는 분무배소로 system을 개발하였다. 또한 정제된 원료 용액을 본 연구에서 개발된 분무배소로 내로 투입시킴으로써 Mn-ferrite 및 $Fe_{2}O_{3}$와 $Mn_{2}O_{3}$의 복합산화물 분말을 제조하였으며, 이때 각각의 조건 하에서 생성된 분말들에 대해 조성, 비표면적 및 입도 분포 등의 물리적, 화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 분무 배소법에 의해 생성된 원료분말에 ZnO 및 기타 첨가제를 정해진 조성으로 혼합시킨 후 성형 및 엄격하게 제어된 소결과정에 의해 Mn-Zn ferrite core를 제조하였다. 또한 제조된 core에 대하여 손실값, 초투자율, 잔류자속밀도, 항자력 및 포화자속밀도의 자기적 특성을 측정하였으며, 이 결과들을 바탕으로 Mn-Zn ferrite 원료 분말을 제조하기 위한 분무배소방법의 타당성을 확인하였다.