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Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung F$\ddot{u}r$ Arzneimittelsch$\ddot{a}$den nach dem deutschen Arzneimittelgesetz (독일 의약품법상의 의약품 위험책임)

  • Chun, Kyoung-Un
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.363-388
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    • 2009
  • i) Das deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz(AMG) vom 24. 8. 1976 hat neben der Einf$\ddot{u}$hrung des Zulassungsverfahren f$\ddot{u}$r Arzneimittel anstelle des bisherigen Registrieungsverfahrens vor allem auf dem Gebiet des Haftungsrechts eine bedeutende Neuerung gebracht: die Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r den pharmazeutischen Unternehmer. Gem$\ddot{a}{\ss}$ $\S$84 AMG ist der pharmazeutische Unternehmer zum Schadensersatz verpflichtet. wenn infolge der Anwndung eines Arzneimittels ein Mensch get$\ddot{o}$tet oder K$\ddot{o}$rper oder die Gesundheit eines Menschen nicht unerheblich verletzt wird. Pharmazeutischer Unternehmer ist, wer das Arzneimittel unter seinem Namen in Verkehr bringt. ii) Die Ersatzpflicht des pharmazeutisches Unternehmers besteht jedoch nur in zwei F$\ddot{a}$llen: a) Das Arzneimittel hat bei bestimmungsgemm$\ddot{a}{\ss}$em Gebrauch sch$\ddot{a}$dliche Wirkungen, die $\ddot{u}$ber ein nach den Erkenntnissen der medizinischen Wissenschaft vertretbares Ma$\ss$ hinausgehen($\S$84 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 1 AMG). b) Der Schaden ist infolge einer nicht den Erkenntnissen der medizinischen Wissenschaft entsprechenden Kennzeichnung, Fachinformarion oder Gebrauchsinformation eingetreten($\S$84 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 2 AMG). iii) Mit dem 2. Schadensersatzrechts$\ddot{a}$nderungsgesetz ist, dem Konzept von $\S$6 Umwelthaftungsgesetz folgend, eine gesetzliche Kausalit$\ddot{a}$tsvermutung eingef$\ddot{u}$hrt worden. Ist das angewendete Arzneimittel nach den Gegebenheiten des Einzelfalls geeignet, den entstandenen Schaden zu verursachen, so soll vermutet werden, da$\ss$ das Arzneimittel auch den konkreten Schaden beim Anwender verursacht hat($\S$84 II AMG). Der pharmazeutische Unternehmer hat dann diese Vermutung zu wiederlegen. iv) Gem$\ddot{a}{\ss}$ $\S$94 AMG hat der pharmazeutische Unternehmer f$\ddot{a}$r seine Haftpflicht Deckungsvorsorge entweder durch eine Hafpflichtversicherung oder eine Freistellungs- oder Gew$\ddot{a}$hrleistungsverpflichtung eines Inl$\ddot{a}$ndischen Kreditinstituts zu treffen. v) Aber koreanisches Arzneimittelgesetz hat keine Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r Arzneimittelschaden. Es gibt nur Gefahrdungshaftung des Hersteller aufgrund des Produkthaftungsgesetzes, das auf das Arzneimittel Anwendung findet. Ich glaube, in Zukuft soll koreanisches AMG die Gef$\ddot{a}$hrdungshaftung f$\ddot{u}$r den pharmazeutischen Unternehmer regeln.

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Development of Marine Debris Monitoring Methods Using Satellite and Drone Images (위성 및 드론 영상을 이용한 해안쓰레기 모니터링 기법 개발)

  • Kim, Heung-Min;Bak, Suho;Han, Jeong-ik;Ye, Geon Hui;Jang, Seon Woong
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.38 no.6_1
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    • pp.1109-1124
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    • 2022
  • This study proposes a marine debris monitoring methods using satellite and drone multispectral images. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model was applied to detect marine debris using Sentinel-2 satellite image. And for the detection of marine debris using drone multispectral images, performance evaluation and comparison of U-Net, DeepLabv3+ (ResNet50) and DeepLabv3+ (Inceptionv3) among deep learning models were performed (mIoU 0.68). As a result of marine debris detection using satellite image, the F1-Score was 0.97. Marine debris detection using drone multispectral images was performed on vegetative debris and plastics. As a result of detection, when DeepLabv3+ (Inceptionv3) was used, the most model accuracy, mean intersection over union (mIoU), was 0.68. Vegetative debris showed an F1-Score of 0.93 and IoU of 0.86, while plastics showed low performance with an F1-Score of 0.5 and IoU of 0.33. However, the F1-Score of the spectral index applied to generate plastic mask images was 0.81, which was higher than the plastics detection performance of DeepLabv3+ (Inceptionv3), and it was confirmed that plastics monitoring using the spectral index was possible. The marine debris monitoring technique proposed in this study can be used to establish a plan for marine debris collection and treatment as well as to provide quantitative data on marine debris generation.

Leading Edge Statistics of a Turbulent Premixed Flame (난류 예혼합 화염 선단부의 통계적 특성에 관한 수치적 연구)

  • Kwon, Jaesung;Huh, Kang Y.
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.13-20
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    • 2013
  • Leading edge statistics are obtained by direct numerical simulation(DNS) of freely propagating incompressible and stagnating compressible turbulent premixed flames. Conditional averages of velocities in terms of reaction progress variable, c, and local flame surface density, ${\sum}^{\prime}_f$, are defined and compared through the flame brush. It holds asymptotically that $<u>_f=<S_d>_f$ and $<u>_u-<u>_b=D_t/L_w$ with the characteristic length scale of $\bar{c}$ variation, $L_w$. It also holds that $<u>_b=<u>_f$ for a freely propagating flame under no mean strain rate. The turbulent burning velocity, $S_T$, is determined by the conditional statistics at the leading edge under large activation energy.

SOME PROPERTIES ON f-EDGE COVERED CRITICAL GRAPHS

  • Wang, Jihui;Hou, Jianfeng;Liu, Guizhen
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.24 no.1_2
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    • pp.357-366
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    • 2007
  • Let G(V, E) be a simple graph, and let f be an integer function on V with $1{\leq}f(v){\leq}d(v)$ to each vertex $v{\in}V$. An f-edge cover-coloring of a graph G is a coloring of edge set E such that each color appears at each vertex $v{\in}V$ at least f(v) times. The f-edge cover chromatic index of G, denoted by ${\chi}'_{fc}(G)$, is the maximum number of colors such that an f-edge cover-coloring of G exists. Any simple graph G has an f-edge cover chromatic index equal to ${\delta}_f\;or\;{\delta}_f-1,\;where\;{\delta}_f{=}^{min}_{v{\in}V}\{\lfloor\frac{d(v)}{f(v)}\rfloor\}$. Let G be a connected and not complete graph with ${\chi}'_{fc}(G)={\delta}_f-1$, if for each $u,\;v{\in}V\;and\;e=uv{\nin}E$, we have ${\chi}'_{fc}(G+e)>{\chi}'_{fc}(G)$, then G is called an f-edge covered critical graph. In this paper, some properties on f-edge covered critical graph are discussed. It is proved that if G is an f-edge covered critical graph, then for each $u,\;v{\in}V\;and\;e=uv{\nin}E$ there exists $w{\in}\{u,v\}\;with\;d(w)\leq{\delta}_f(f(w)+1)-2$ such that w is adjacent to at least $d(w)-{\delta}_f+1$ vertices which are all ${\delta}_f-vertex$ in G.

Lernstrategie der Tempusverwendung in Bezug auf das prozeduales $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ (수행처리적 기억으로의 시제 문법 활용 - 기억$\cdot$인지효과를 향상시키기 위한 시제 학습 전략 -)

  • Park Hyun-Sun
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.10
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    • pp.155-174
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    • 2004
  • Wir $k\"{o}nnen$ die $Ged\"{a}chtnisforschungen$ mit Fremdsprachenlernen $verkn\"{u}pfen$. Ein Lernprozess ist gerade einer vom $Ged\"{a}chtnisprozess$. $F\"{u}r$ einen erfolgreichen Fremdsprachenunterricht ist es $n\"{o}tig$, dass beim Lernprozess ein Sprachwissen vom deklarativen $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ ins prozeduale $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ $\"{u}bertragen$ wird. Aber ein Lernerfolg ist je nach dem Individiuum anders. d.h. der unterschiedliche Lerneffekt zwischen Lemenden $h\"{a}ngt$ eventuelle von $pers\"{o}nlichen$ Erfahrung und von dem episodischen $Ged\"{a}chtnis$. Beim Lernprozess muss Sprachwissen vom deklarativen $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ zum prozedualen $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ $\"{u}bertragen$ werden, um Fremdsprachen zu beherrschen. Inzwischen spielen implizites $Ged\"{a}chtnis$ und episodisches $Ged\"{a}chnis$ wichtig Rolle beim $\"{U}bertragungsprozess$. $Daf\"{u}r$ zeigen wir Lernstrategie der Tempusverwendung in Bezug auf die $Ged\"{a}chtnisforschung$. Mit welchem Tempus will man seine Intention im Text $ausdr\"{u}cken$? $Daf\"{u}r$ zeigen wir ein einfaches Spiel $f\"{u}r$ den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Das ist das Spiel zur Strategie der Tempusverwendung bei der Textproduktion $f\"{u}r$ das reportiv-orientierte Thema. Unsere Untersuchung der Tempera kann besonders im Fremdsprachenunterricht dizu beitragen, dass der Lernende als Produzent einerseits unter Berucksichtigung der Textsorte, der zeitlichen Orientierung des Theams und der Sprecherabsicht bei der Textproduktion die Tempera ohne $Z\"{o}gern$ $ausw\"{a}hlen$ und benutzen kann und dass der Lernende als Rezipient auch durch das Erlernen der verschiedenen Funktionen der Tempera versteckte Absichten des Produzenten richtig verstehen kann. Unsere Untersuchung kann in diesem Sinne hinsichtlich der Tempusfunktion bei der erfolgreichen Erweiterung der kommunikativen $F\"{a}higkeiten$ im Unterricht behilflich sein.

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Singular Representation and Finite Element Methods

  • 김석찬
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computational and Applied Mathematics Conference
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    • 2003.09a
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    • pp.9-9
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    • 2003
  • Let $\Omega$ be a bounded, open, and polygonal domain in $R^2$ with re-entrant corners. We consider the following Partial Differential Equations: $$(I-\nabla\nabla\cdot+\nabla^{\bot}\nabla\times)u\;=\;f\;in\;\Omega$$, $$n\cdotu\;0\;0\;on\;{\Gamma}_{N}$$, $${\nabla}{\times}u\;=\;0\;on\;{\Gamma}_{N}$$, $$\tau{\cdot}u\;=\;0\;on\;{\Gamma}_{D}$$, $$\nabla{\cdot}u\;=\;0\;on\;{\Gamma}_{D}$$ where the symbol $\nabla\cdot$ and $\nabla$ stand for the divergence and gradient operators, respectively; $f{\in}L^2(\Omega)^2$ is a given vector function, $\partial\Omega=\Gamma_{D}\cup\Gamma_{N}$ is the partition of the boundary of $\Omega$; nis the outward unit vector normal to the boundary and $\tau$represents the unit vector tangent to the boundary oriented counterclockwise. For simplicity, assume that both $\Gamma_{D}$ and $\Gamma_{N}$ are nonempty. Denote the curl operator in $R^2$ by $$\nabla\times\;=\;(-{\partial}_2,{\partial}_1$$ and its formal adjoint by $${\nabla}^{\bot}\;=\;({-{\partial}_1}^{{\partial}_2}$$ Consider a weak formulation(WF): Find $u\;\in\;V$ such that $$a(u,v):=(u,v)+(\nabla{\cdot}u,\nabla{\cdot}v)+(\nabla{\times}u,\nabla{\times}V)=(f,v),\;A\;v{\in}V$$. (2) We assume there is only one singular corner. There are many methods to deal with the domain singularities. We introduce them shortly and we suggest a new Finite Element Methods by using Singular representation for the solution.

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Alzheimer progression classification using fMRI data (fMRI 데이터를 이용한 알츠하이머 진행상태 분류)

  • Ju Hyeon-Noh;Hee-Deok Yang
    • Smart Media Journal
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.86-93
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    • 2024
  • The development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has significantly contributed to mapping brain functions and understanding brain networks during rest. This paper proposes a CNN-LSTM-based classification model to classify the progression stages of Alzheimer's disease. Firstly, four preprocessing steps are performed to remove noise from the fMRI data before feature extraction. Secondly, the U-Net architecture is utilized to extract spatial features once preprocessing is completed. Thirdly, the extracted spatial features undergo LSTM processing to extract temporal features, ultimately leading to classification. Experiments were conducted by adjusting the temporal dimension of the data. Using 5-fold cross-validation, an average accuracy of 96.4% was achieved, indicating that the proposed method has high potential for identifying the progression of Alzheimer's disease by analyzing fMRI data.

Effects of Blending Fatty Acid-Glycerol-pMDI with Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives to Their Adhesion for the Use of Soybean Oil (콩기름 이용을 위한 지방산-글리세롤-pMDI와 요소수지 혼용 접착제가 접착성능에 미치는 영향-)

  • You, Young-Sam;Choi, Jin-Lim;Seo, Jun-Won;Park, Heon
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to improve the bond strength of plywood bonded with F/U molar ratio urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins modified with the selected FGMDI prepolymer contents for various purposes. The amount of FGMDI was mixed with liquid UF resin at 0 wt% (as control), 2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 25 wt%, and 50 wt% based on the resin solids. As results, in bonding strength, plywood with F/U molar ratio of 1.4 showed the highest value in Type 2 test and all molar ratio UF resins modified with over 25 wt% of the FGMDI showed more than $11kgf/cm^2$, which was satisfied the minimum requirement of KS standard, $7.5kgf/cm^2$, after Type1.5 testing. As F/U molar ratio was increased and the FGMDI addition in the UF resin was increased, average reduction rate of Type 1.5 bonding strength compared with Type 2 was significantly decreased.

A study on the flexo printing wastewater treatment and recycling (Flexo 인쇄폐수의 처리 및 재활용에 관한 연구)

  • Jun, Yang-Ba;Hur, Hun;Cho, Kemin;Bae, Woo-Kun
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.107-113
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    • 2003
  • Printing process generates a vast amount of toxical waste and wastewater by the development of printing and publishing industry. The regulations for various environmental pollution material, which were indispensably used in printing industries, were getting stronger. The printing industries should develop the cleaner technologies in order to avoid the regulations. In this paper, the separation characteristics of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis were surveyed to make basic data for the optimization of process as cleaner technologies for printing industries. The $2kg/cm^2$ of operation pressure were suitable to the U/F System. Because of the permeate of U/F was below 3 NTU as turbidity, which was probed to be possible using the rinsing water in printing process. U/F System,

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