• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.100-107
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• 1997

A pneumatic artificial muscle type of actuator, which acts similar to human muscle, is developed recently. In this paper, an adaptive controller is presented for the trajectory tracking problem of a two-degree- of-freedom manipulator using two pairs of pneumatic artificial muscle actuators. Due to the nonlinearity and the uncertainty on the dynamics of the actuator, it is difficult to make the effective control schemes of this system. By the adaptive control law which inclueds a nonlinear "feedforward" term compensating paramet- ric uncertainties in addition to P.I.D. scheme, both golbal stability of the system and convergence of the tracking error are guaranted. The effectiveness of the proposed control method for the manipulator using this actuator is illustrated through experiments.periments.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2009

Rhabdomyolysis, the clinical syndrome caused by the injury to skeletal muscle resulting in the release of muscle cell contents into the systemic circulation, has been described in association with various factors. The causes include crush injury, skeletal muscle overuse, heat, drug, abuse of alcohols and metabolic disorders as well as several types of viral and bacterial infections. We report two cases of rhabdomyolysis, which were complicated by uncommon causes, parainfluenza virus type I infection and hypernatremia.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.731-738
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• 2003

The technique known as proteomics is useful for characterizing the protein expression pattern of a particular tissue or cell type as well as quantitatively identifying differences in the levels of individual proteins. In present study, we carried out the comparative expression patterns of white and red muscles. We used the two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE) for analyzing the protein expression. Proteins isolated from porcine white and red muscles were separated by 12% poly-acrylamide gel and then were detected by coomassie blue and silver staining. More than 600 protein spots were detected on each 2-DE gel. By visual analysis of the stained gel, five proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in the white vs red muscle. By database searching based on the molecular weights and pI(isoelectric point) of the five proteins, three of them were found to be most close to troponin I, T and myoglobin. However, further researche is needed for identification and functional analysis of the unidentified proteins. In conclusion, we found five proteins, which are differentially expressed in the white vs red muscle. The functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins will provide valuable information on biochemical characteristics of the muscle type.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

A survey was carried out on the larval anilsakids in anchovies (Engrnuyis jnponica) which were caught from April to .lune in 1993 at the southern and eastern sea in Korea. Anisakids in anchovies were morphological classified into Anisakis type I and II and Contracaecum type B and C, after fixation in 70% alcohol and clearing in lactophenol. A examined. The infection rates showed no relation with length of the anchovies. The numbers of anisakids by organs of anchovies were 96 (56.1%) from the muscle, 65 (38.0%) from the omentum, 7 (4.1%) from the intestine, 2 (1.7%) from the stomach and 1 (0.6%) from the testis. Infection rates of anchovies with anisakids by localities were 5.1% at Taebyon, 8.0% at Sokcho and 9.2% at Chungmu. The larval uisikids in anchovies may infect humans who often eat raw anchovies.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Semen Persicae(SP) on muscle type change and vascularization effect by measuring expression of Myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in the Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAo) rats. Methods : The middle cerebral artery was occluded, SP extraction was administrated for 4 days. The effects of SP on muscle type change and vascularization were measured. Results : 1. VEGF protein expressions in the Semen Persicae oral administration group of MCAo group were increased compared to the control group. 2. There were no significant difference between the Semen Persicae oral administration of MCAo group and the control group in MHC isoform (Type I, Type IIa) expression change. Conclusions : The present study demonstrates the effect of Semen Persicae in the vascularizing after ischemia, but has no significant effect in musle type change and the improvement of musle atrophy.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-63
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• 2008

Objectives : Eucommiae cortex is reported that it helps bone and skeletal muscle stronger. In case of bone, many report is presented, but reports related to skeletal muscle are rarely existed. So in order to investigate effects of Eucommiae cortex on the skeletal muscle atrophy following stroke, cerebral infarct was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rats. Methods : In order to induce MCAO rats, nylon suture was advanced and then blocked middle cerebral artery(MCA). Water extract of Eucommiae cortex was treated for 15 days, once a day orally, after the MCAO. Effects were evaluated with muscle weights, muscle fiber type composition, cross-sectioned area of muscle fibers in soleus and gastrocnemius of the unaffected and affected hind limbs. And MyoD protein expression in gastrocnemius was demonstrated with immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Results : In the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, muscle weight loss of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In soleus muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decrease of cross-sectioned areas of type-I fibers was attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, increase of type-I fibers and decrease of type-II fibers were induced by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected hind limb of the MCAO rats, decreases of cross-sectioned areas of type-I and type-II fibers were attenuated by Eucommiae cortex treatment. In gastrocnemius muscle of the affected and unaffected hind limb of the MCAO rats, MyoD expressions were increased by Eucommiae cortex treatment. Conclusions : These results suggest that Eucommiae cortex has a protective effect against muscle atrophy, through the inhibition of the muscle cell apoptosis, following the central nervous system demage.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1987

Tegumental ultrastructures of Echinochasmus japonicus were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The worms were recovered from albino rats which were experimentally infected with the metacercariae obtained from Pseudorasbora parva. Followings are summarized findings. 1. The worms were minute and plumpy gourdshaped with attenuated anterior and round posterior end. The tegument of whole body was wrinkled transversely and covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. 2. Head crown was armed with 24 collar spines which were embedded in cytoplasmic pockets. The spines were arranged in a row with an interruption at dorsomedian line, however, the 2nd and the 4th spines were outstretched more than others. Oral and ventral suckers were muscular with numerous type II sensory papillae, and genital pore opened between the two suckers. 3. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with broad base and pointed tip. They were compact in ventra-lateral tegument or dorsal surface of anterior body. They were not found between the two suckers and dorsal surface of posterior body. 4. Two types of sensory papillae, uni-ciliated (Type I) and roundly swollen sensory papillae (Type II), were observed. The type I papillae were chiefly distributed on ventral surface of tegument and type II were on the lips of suckers. Arrangement of collar spines, shape and distribution of tegumental spines or sensory papillae are regarded as characteristic features of E. japonicus.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.750-761
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• 2021

This study was performed to observe the responses of angiogenesis-related protein expression in skeletal muscle of aged rats by regular resistance exercise training with aerobic exercise. For the purpose of the study, naturally aged SD rats (20-24 months, N=18) were used and divided into control (CON, n=6), resistance exercise (RE, n=6), and resistance + aerobic exercise (RE + AE, n=6) groups. RE group performed 3 sets × 4 exercises each session using a ladder for laboratory animals, and RE +AE group performed 2 sets × 3 times of ladder climbing and additional treadmill running (30 min) each session. After 8 weeks of exercise training, soleus muscle and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were extracted and used for analysis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression levels of angiogenesis-related proteins (HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2) in skeletal muscle. As a result of the study, the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, and Ang-2 proteins in soleus muscle (type I muscle) was higher in RE +AE than in CON group, and HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2 protein expression of RE group was higher than that of CON group. Furthermore, Ang-2 to Ang-1 ratio of RE + AE group was higher than that of RE group, showing differences by exercise type. In EDL muscle (type II muscle), HIF-1α was increased only by RE group, whereas VEGF and FLK-1 protein expressions were increased in both training types, and no difference was observed between the types of exercise training. In addition, there was no difference in angiopoieitin protein expressions in EDL muscle by exercise training. Therefore, in aging, regular exercise training induces skeletal muscle angiogenic response regardless of exercise type, and in particular, the combination of aerobic exercise with resistance exercise may have an additional positive effect on angiogenesis in type I muscle.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.19-35
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• 2009

Objectives : This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of KangwhalSokdan-tang(Jianghuoxuduan-tang) on the muscle regeneration of atrophied rat muscle by hindlimb suspension. Materials and methods : In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 250g were subjected to hindlimb suspension and divided into total four groups: Normal group(n=6), Control group(n=6), Hindlimb non-treatment group(n=6), Hindlimb treatment group(n=6). Experiments were seperately tried two times. The first trial was studied by the following two groups; The first was normal group(n=6). The second was group(n=18) for hindlimb suspension during 2 weeks (control I group). The second trial after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension was studied by the following three groups; The third group(n=6) was expired immediately after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. The forth group(n=6) was given free activity during 2 weeks after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. The fifth group(n=6) was administrated of KST during 2 weeks after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. In order to investigate degree of muscle atrophy, body weight and gastrocnemius muscle mass were compared. To analyze muscle regeneration factors(expression of IGF-1, Myogenin, MyoD), Western blot was used. Results : The results were analyzed by statistical process as follows, 1. In body weight, all hindlimb suspension groups were lower than normal group, but tendency of increase was shown in KST group compared to non-treatment group after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. 2. In gastrocnemius muscle mass, KST group on both side was significantly higher than non-treatment group after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. 3. In case of IGF-I, Type I of KST group was significantly increased than non-treatment group, but Type II was not shown significance. 4. There was no significantly difference in Myogenin. 5. In MyoD, Type I of KST group was significantly increased than control group, and Type II of KST group was significantly increased than non-treatment group. Conclusions : In summary, this study demonstrates that KST administration has an effect to prevent muscle atrophy and contribute muscle regeneration and proliferation. And also it is suggested that IGF-I and MyoD is major factors of myogenesis expression to KST adminstration after hindlimb suspension.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1454-1461
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• 2008

In oriental medicine, it is known that Eucommiae Cortex (EC) has strengthening and rehabilitative effects on the bone-muscle dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of EC on the skeletal muscle atrophy. The muscle atrophy was induced by unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve in Sprague-Dawley rats. EC (water-extract, 170mg/100 g body weight) was treated once a day for 12 days. In this study, the effect of EC examined the muscle weight of hind limb, cross section areas of muscle fibers, fiber type compositions, apoptosis related factors (Bax and Bcl-2). EC reduced muscle atrophy in soleus (SOL), medial gastrocnemius (MGT), extensor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior significantly in the damaged hind limb. EC increased type-I muscle fibers and decreased type-II muscle fibers significantly in SOL of the damaged hind limb. EC enlarged cross section areas of type-I and type-II muscle fibers significantly in SOL. EC enlarged cross section areas of type-I and type-II muscle fibers significantly in. EC reduced apoptotic nuclei and atrophic muscle fibers in SOL and MGT. EC reduced Bax positive muscle nuclei in SOL and MGT. EC up-regulated Bcl-2 positive muscle fibers in SOL and MGT. These results suggest that EC has an anti-atrophic effect and anti-apoptotic effect against myonuclear apoptosis induced by the peripheral nerve damage.