• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.719-724
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• 1994

Major cellulase components, such as three endoglucanases (endoglucanases I, II, and III) and one exoglucanase (exoglucanase II), were isolated from a commercial cellulase (Meicelase TP 60) derived from the fungus Trichoderma viride by a series of chromatography procedures. These procedures were the gel filtration on Bio-Gel, the anion exchange on DEAE-Bio-Gel A, the cation exchange on SP-Sephadex C50, and the affinity chromatography on Avicel cellulose. The average molecular weights determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis were 51,000, 59,000, 41,000 and 62,000 Da for endoglucanases I, II and III and exoglucanase II, respectively. The extinction coefficients, ${\varepsilon}^{1%}$ 280 nm, of these enzymes were 11.7, 3.3, 7.2 and 11.3, respectively. Among them, the endoglucanase II showed the very low value of the coefficient compared with the others. On the other hand, it was found that endoglucanase II and III were of more random hydrolytic mode on carboxymethylcellulose as compared with those of endoglucanase I and exoglucanase II. Especially, endoglucanase I showed less random action than that of exoglucanase II. In the hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose by the enzyme components, cellobiose was the major product, but glucose was the major product by endoglucanase III.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2006

몇 년동안 게껍질이 풍부하게 있었던 밭토양에서 강한 키틴분해능력을 가진 Trichoderma 곰팡이를 분리하였다. 분리된 곰팡이의 5.8S rRNA, partial 18S, 28S rRNA genes, ITS1, ITS2 sequence 분석과 형태학적 특징을 살펴본 결과 Trichoderma asperellum으로 동정되었고, 이를 Trichoderma asperellum T-5 (TaT-5)로 명명하였다. 이 곰팡이는 chitianse와 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase같은 lytic enzyme을 분비하며, 키틴배지 상에서 6가지의 항 곰팡이성 물질을 생산했다. R. solani가 원인인 오이의 모잘록병에 대해 TaT 5의 방제효과를 보기 위해서 TaT-5 배양액(TA), chitin medium(CM), 증류수(DW)를 씨를 심은 후 10일 째에 각 pot에 관주했다. 그리고 관주 1주일 후에 R. solani의 균사를 갈아서 각 pot에 주었다. 실험기간 동안에 오이의 지상부와 지하부 생체중은 다른 처리구에 비하여 TA 처리구가 더 많이 증가하였다. 오이 잎에서 PR-protein (chitianse, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase) 활성은 R. solani 감염 후 CM과 DW에서 증가를 보였고, TA 처리구에서는 증가하다가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리에서는 모든 처리구가 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 TA 처리구가 CM과 DW 처리구보다 감소하는 정도가 적었다. 오이의 잎과 뿌리에서 lignification related enzyme(POD, PPO, PAL)활성은 R. solani 감염 초기에는 증가하다가 점점 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과들은 TaT-5에 의하여 생산된 lytic enzymes와 항 곰팡이성 물질들이 오이에 R. solani의 공격을 줄여준다고 생각된다.

• 복식
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2003

The Purpose of this study was to isolate and identify fungi found in excavated clothes dating on the 16th century. As a result of microscoping with LPCB staining, seven isolated strains were classified-Acremonium strictum, Acremonium kiliense, Fonsecaea sp., Candida sp., Trichoderma sp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp.. In the process of isolation and identification of fungi by the sort of textile, more fungi were found in cotton, cotton batt and silk than in ramie and hemp, suggesting that hemp has antibacterial characteristics due to the presence of lignin. In the Comparison washed samples with unwashed ones, there were more kinds of fungi in washed samples. In the cellulase activity test, Acremonium kiliense had the highest level cellulase activity, suggesting that Acremonium killiense has an important Influence on damage of textiles.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.368-374
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The urgency of feeding the world's growing population while combating soil pollution, salinization and desertification requires suitable biotechnology not only to improve crop productivity but also to improve soil health through interactions of soil nutrient and soil microorganism. Interest in the utilization of microbial fertilizer has increased. A principle of nature farming is to produce abundant and healthy crops without using chemical fertilizer and pesticides, and without interrupting the natural ecosystem. Beneficial microorganisms may provide supplemental nutrients in the soil, promote crop growth, and enhance plant resistance against pathogenic microorganisms. We mixed beneficial microorganisms such as Bacillus sp. Han-5 with anti-fungal activities, Trichoderma harziaum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum with organic material degrading activity, Actinomycetes bovis with antibiotic production and Pseudomonas sp. with nitrogen fixation. This study was carried out to investigate the mixtures on the soil microflora and soil chemical properties and the effect on the growth of lettuce and cucumber under greenhouse conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The microbial mixtures were used with each of organic fertilizer, swine manure and organic+swine manure and compared in regard to changes in soil chemical properties, soil microflora properties and crop growth. At 50 days after the treatment of microorganism mixtures, the pH improved from 5.8 to 6.3, and the EC, $NO_3$-Na and K decreased by 52.4%, 60.5% and 29.3%, respectively. The available $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ increased by 25.9% and 21.2%, respectively. Otherwise, the population density of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. was accelerated and the growth of vegetables increased. Moreover, the population density of E. coli and Fusarium sp., decreased remarkably. The ratio of bacteria to fungi (B/F) and the ratio of Actinomycetes bovis to fungi (A/F) increased 2.3 (from 272.2 to 624.4) and 1.7 times (from 38.3 to 64), respectively. Furthermore, the growth and yield of cucumber and lettuce significantly increased by the treatment of microorganism mixtures. CONCLUSION(S): These results suggest that the treatment of microorganism mixtures improved the chemical properties and the microflora of soil and the crop growth. Therefore, it is concluded that the microorganism mixtures could be good alternative soil amendments to restore soil nutrients and soil microflora.

• 식물병연구
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2021

벼는 전 세계 30억 인구의 식량 공급원으로 아시아 인구의 약 절반이 쌀을 식량자원으로 의존하며 100개 이상의 국가에서 재배되고 있다. 따라서 벼의 병해충에 따른 경제적 손실과 수확량 감소는 식량 수요와 공급을 위협할 수 있다. 벼에 발생하는 병해충을 방제하기 위해 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법은 농약을 통한 화학적 방제이다. 그러나 이러한 농약을 통한 환경 오염, 잔류 독성, 내성 병원균 출현, 토양 품질 저하 및 생물 다양성 파괴 등의 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 벼의 병해를 방제하기 위한 최근의 대안으로 미생물을 포함한 환경친화적인 생물학적 방제에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 미생물 작용제는 식물 병원균과의 경쟁, 항생제 효과 및 기생을 통해 식물 병을 방제 할 수 있다. 벼 근권에서 분리한 미생물들, 예를들어 Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Trichoderma sp. 등은 벼에 발생하는 다양한 곰팡이 및 세균 병들에 대한 생물 방제제로 사용가능성이 보고되었는데, 특히 벼도열병, 벼 잎집무늬마름병, 벼 흰잎마름병, 벼 깨씨무늬병 및 벼 키다리병을 방제하는 것으로 보고되었다. 이 리뷰에서는 벼에 발생하는 다양한 병에 대한 생물 방제제로서 미생물들이 적용된 연구들에 대하여 논의하였다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.86-94
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• 2002

느타리버섯 균상에 발생하는 Hypocrea속 균의 분류학적 위치를 확립하기 위하여 유성세대 및 무성세대의 형태적 특징을 조사하였고, 국내 분리 균주의 RAPD, RFLP, URP-PCR 분석 등 분자생물학적 특징을 조사하였다. 1. 충남과 전남 일대의 8개 시, 군의 느타리 재배사에서 19 균주를 분리하였으며 이들 균주간의 형태적, 발생생태학적 변이는 없었고, 기존 보고된 Hypocrea 종들과는 다른 형태적 특징을 나타내었다. 2. Hypocrea 자좌의 크기는 $6.0{\sim}13.0{\times}3.0{\sim}11.0mm$이었고, 위유조직으로 구성되어 있으며 대부분 군생하고 처음엔 백색이지만 성숙되면 노란빛을 띤 갈색을 나타내었다. 자낭각은 구형으로 크기가 평균 $239.9{\times}204.1{\mu}m$이었으며, 자낭에는 16개의 자낭포자(part ascospores)를 형성하였고, 자낭과 장낭포자의 크기는 각각 $103.3{\times}4.9{\mu}m$와 $6.5{\times}4.7{\mu}m$이었다. 3. 무성세대의 phialide는 보통 Trichoderma virens와 유사한 형태로 모여서 형성되나 때때로 penicillate의 형태도 관찰되었다. T. virens형 phialide의 크기는 $10.8{\times}3.5{\mu}m$이었고 penicilliale형은 $14.7{\times}3.4{\mu}m$이었다. 분생포자는 계란형에서 타원형으로 표면은 매끈하고 크기는 $4.5{\times}2.9{\mu}m$이었다. 4. Hypocrea 균주들의 배양적 특징 조사한 결과, PDA 배지에서 균사생장 최적 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$이었고 자좌는 $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 발생하였으며 자좌 발생 최적 온도는 $20^{\circ}C$였다. 5. RAPD 및 RFLP 분석을 실시한 결과 Hypocrea속 균은 공시균주는 모두 단일 유전 개체군으로 느타리 재배사에서 발생하는 Trichoderma속 균 및 기존에 보고된 Hypocrea spp.와는 다른 분류군으로 나타났다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.230-241
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• 2019

The Great Sebkha of Oran is a closed depression located in northwestern of Algeria. Despite the ranking of this sebkha among the wetlands of global importance by Ramsar Convention in 2002, no studies on the fungal community in this area have been carried out. In our study, samples were collected from two different regions. The first region is characterized by halophilic vegetation and cereal crops and the second by a total absence of vegetation. The isolated strains were identified morphologically then by molecular analysis. The biotechnological interest of the strains was evaluated by testing their ability to grow at different concentration of NaCl and to produce extracellular enzymes (i.e., lipase, amylase, protease, and cellulase) on solid medium. The results showed that the soil of sebkha is alkaline, with the exception of the soil of cereal crops that is neutral, and extremely saline. In this work, the species Gymnoascus halophilus, Trichoderma gamsii, the two phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium brachygibbosum and Penicillium allii, and the teleomorphic form of P. longicatenatum observed for the first time in this species, were isolated for the first time in Algeria. The halotolerance test revealed that the majority of the isolated are halotolerant. Wallemia sp. and two strains of G. halophilus are the only obligate halophilic strains. All strains are capable to secrete at least one of the four tested enzymes. The most interesting species presenting the highest enzymatic index were Aspergillus sp. strain A4, Chaetomium sp. strain H1, P. vinaceum, G. halophilus, Wallemia sp. and Ustilago cynodontis.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.115-118
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• 2005

소나무잔나비버섯의 자실체 형성에 있어서 일광의 영향은 빛의 파장이 골고루 함유된 자연광이 가장 좋았다. $CO_2$ 농도는 0.2% 이상에서 자실체 형성에 영향을 미치기 시작하여 2% 이상에서는 자실체 형성이 되지 못한다. 온도의 영향은 $26^{\circ}C{\pm}2$에서 $15^{\circ}C$ 전후에서 자실체 형성을 촉진한다. 소나무잔나비버섯의 원목 길이가 120cm이고 직경이 6cm일 때 구멍수가 27개가 되며 10ccm일 때 45개, 20cm일 때 90개가 된다. 수확한 자실체를 72시간 동안 햇볕에 건조할 때 자실체 색깔이 생체와 비슷한 색택을 유지하여 가장 좋았다. 소나무잔나비버섯의 재배중 발생하는 병충해는 T. viridae외 6가지 곰팡이와 1종의 세균 Psedomonas sp., 원목 주위에 흰개미, 버섯파리, 딱정벌레류가 발견되었다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.47-47
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• 2014

Dokdo island is located in the northeastern part of Ulleungdo, known as volcanic island. In total, 53 fungal isolates were isolated from Dokdo island soil sample, using dilution plate technique. The isolates were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and rDNA ITS sequence analysis. Out of them, 41 isolates were identified at the level of species. The dominant fungal species and genera included Fusarium spp., Mucor sp., Clonostachys spp., and Trichoderma sp. The % sequence identity (the number of matches/the complete alignment length) values via NCBI BLAST searching of EML-IF9, EML-MF30-1 and EML-DDSF4 represented 97.19% (485/499) with Clonostachys cf. rosea (GenBank accession no. KC313107), 98.33% (472/480) with Metarhizium guizhouense (GenBank accession no. HM055445), and 100% (350/350) with Mortierella oligospora (GenBank accession no. JX976032), respectively. Three species of C. rosea, M. guizhouense and M. oligospora represented new records of fungi from Dokdo island, Korea. The antimicrobial activities of the fungal strains varied with tested. Two isolates (EML-MFS30-1 and EML-IF9) showed antifungal activity against several fungi including Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizotonia solani. Clonostachys rosea (EML-IF9) showed strong hydrolytic enzyme activity. Our results showed that the antagonistic fungi including Clonostachys rosea will be used as potential biocontrol agents for control of fungal diseases.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2011

The development of satisfactory alternatives for supplying the nutrients needed by crops could decrease the problems associated with conventional NPK chemical fertilizers. In this study, the effects of bacterial and fungal effective microorganisms (EM) on the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) were evaluated. This investigation was carried out parrallel with conventional NPK chemical fertilizer and a commercial sold microbial fertilizer to compare between each of their effect. Sterile water and molasses were served as controls. Azotobacter chroococcum effect also was studied either alone or in combination with the effective microorganisms on the growth parameters. In contrast to the bacterial EM, the fungal EM alone without A. chroococcum had a more stimulating effect than fungal EM combined with A. chroococcum. Results showed that seedling inoculation significantly enhanced B. rapa growth. Shoot dry and fresh weight, and leaf length and width significantly were increased by both bacterial and fungal inoculation. The results indicated that the NPK chemical fertilizer deteriorates the microflora inhabiting the soil, while the effective microorganisms either fungal or bacterial ones increased the microbial density significantly. This study implies that both of fungal and bacterial EM are effective for the improvement of the Chinese cabbage growth and enhance the microorganisms in soil. The results showed antagonism occurred between A. chroococcum and each of Penicillium sp and Trichoderma sp in both agar and plant assays. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Dunnett test.