• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.731-748
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated e kinds and names of side dishes along with their recipes and ingredients occuring in Korean cookbooks published before the 17th century. The side dishes were classified 79 kinds of Guk, 23 kinds of Jjim and Seon, 15 kinds of Gui, 3 kinds of Jeon, 7 kinds of Nureumi, 3 kinds of Bokkeum, 30 kinds of Chae, 11 kinds of Hoe, 7 kinds of Jwaban, 6 kinds of Mareunchan, 12 kinds of Pyeonyuk and 5 kinds of Jeonyak, Jokpyeon and Sundae. The earliest records were found on Guk, Jjim, Jwaban, Po and Pyeonyuk Gui, Namul and Hoe were recorded after the 1500's and Nureumi, Jeon, Jeonyak, Jokpyeon and Sundae were developed relatively late in the late 17th century. As to the kinds of side dishes, Guk was the most common. Guks cooked before the 17th century used different recipes and more types of ingredients than today, including some that are not used today. For Jjim, various seasonings were added to main ingredients such as poultry, meat, seafood and vegetable. Most of the records found for Jjim used chicken as the main ingredient. Gui was recorded as Jeok or Gui and there weren't many ingredients for Gui before the 17th century. Gui was usually seasoned with salt or soy bean sauce and broiled after applying oil. Vegetables were broiled after a applying flour-based sauce. The Jeon cooked at that time was different from the one that is cooked today in that cow organs or sparrows were soaked in oily soy bean sauce before being stewed. Nureumi, which was popular in the 17th century, but rarely made today, was a recipe consisting of adding a flour or starch-based sauce to stewed or broiled main ingredients. Chae was a side dish prepared with edible plants, tree sprouts or leaves. Chaes like Donga and Doraji were colored with Mandrami or Muroo. Hoe was a boiled Hoe and served after boiling seafood. Jwaban was cooked by applying oil to and then broiling sparrows, dudeok, and mushrooms that had been seasoned and dried. For dried Chans, beef or fish was thin-sliced, seasoned and dried or sea tangle was broiled with pine nuts juice. There are some recipes from the 17th century whose names are gone or the recipes or ingredients have changed. Thus we must to try to rebuild three recipes and develop recipes using our own foods of today.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-127
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• 1965

1. This report is on the outcome of observation made up the breeding process of Narcissus flycatcher, Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia, using 15 ness-boxes at Seoul and Kwang Nung Experimental forest in 1964, and the relevant feeding habit was studied by the collar method of wrapping the necks of thenestlings for 50-60 minutes or more in some cases from 1963 to 1964. 2. The Narcissus flycatcheris a common summer resident throughout Korea arriving at the end of April. The earliest data of arrival of this species in Seoul, is April 26, 1964. They migrate southward from the later part of September to early part of October. 3. In a week after their arrival , they start to build nest after a brief courtship. Male and female prepare their nest ina nestboxes in 4 or 5 days. Nests are usually found in the moss, which provide definite frame-work. The inner side of the nest is usually composed of roots of Gramineae or leaves of pine, oak or other broad leave tree. 4. The laying period is generally from the later part of April to the middle of June : and the number of eggs laid is from 3 to 8 , therefore 5 in average : eggs are pink with traces of milky yellow blending of light auburn and orange red spots and chicken-egg-like in shape. 5.The incubation takes place for 7-12 days from the middle part of May to the middle of June, in the order of male and female . The hatching rate tends to increase in proportion to clutch size. 6. The feeding period usually lasts 15 days in average from the early part of June to the middle of July and the feeding urge tends to increase in proportion to brood size. 7. The animals invading into their nest-boxes are red ants, chipmunks, bees , barkbeetles and philippine red-tailed shirkes, etc. 8. On the basis of analysis covering 714 birds in 31 nests, the food they consumed during the nesting period of nestlings were mostly of animal matters composing of : insect larvae form-39. 88% insect adult form 36.26%, insect pupae-0.19%, spider-17.75% and other animal matters 5.92% , Besides a small amount of plant pieces were found . As to the insect larvae, Lepidoptera was the largest in the content followed by Hymenoptera , Orthoptera and Coleoptera. As to the insect adult, Diptera was the largest in the content followed by Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. In view of forest protection, noxious insect was of 69.38%, useful insect 4.39%, and spider 17.75%. 9. The rich assortment of its food, the ability of acquiring various insect (adults as well as larvae), its destruction of great numbers of harmful insects , and its quick assimilation artificial nesting with the nest-boxes of 2.5-3cm entrance hole employed, allow us to conclude that the flycatcher may be successfully employed in the elimination of fores pests. The above results are only that part obtained near Seoul in the middle of Korea, however, if we would extend the scheme to other broad areas using similar techniques, the nest-boxes could not only be well used by the birds, but also it would help to prevent the increase of harmful. insects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1999

This study has investigated the growing features and vegetation of Acanthopanax chiisanensis and Acanthopanax koreanum in Mt. Jiri and Halla from Sep. 1997 to Aug. 1998. As to Acanthopanax chiisanensis, it occupied surrounding areas of Nogodan in Mt. Jiri of the height of 1,507m, ImgeolyoungJae of 1,300m and the Mt. Halla. of 1,100m of There were rather high constancy degree with Quercus mongolica, Schizandra chinensis, Hydrangen serrate for. acuminata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Actaea asiatica, Thalictrum filamentosum, Abies koreana, Arundinella hirta from the sorts. The common species in Mt. Jiri and Halla are Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Callicarpa japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Acer mono, Ligularia fischeri, Disporum smilacinum, Viola acuminata Aconitum kusnezofii. On the other hand, concerning of Acanthopanax koreanum community, it possessed the small areas of wedo weoltae village in Chejudo. In this area, a liana e.g. Dioscorea tenuipes, Hedera rhombea, Lygodium japonicum, Akebia quinata, Vitis thunbergii, Dunbaria villosa, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Vitis amurensis, Paederia scandens, lives with Pinux thunbergii, Celtis aurantiaca, Mallotus japonicus and so forth in tree layer and subtree layer. There is artificial change no move in the researching sites, Acanthopanax chiixanensis will be transformed into Abies koreana - Acanthopanax chiisanensis community. Soil characteristics showed the high value such as pH 6.56 and conductivity 0.258mmho/cm in Acanthopanax koreanum community of Mt. Jiri, they also indicated digit as follows: the content of organic matter and total nitrogen are from 25.16 through 25.35% and 7.58 through 9.30mg/g respectably. The soil characteristics at Acanthopanax chiisanensis community in Mt. Jiri and Halla, was high as like pH 5.76, conductivity 0.238mmho/cm, total nitrogen 9.30mg/g, total phosphorus 0.126mg/g in Mt. Halla.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.495-503
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• 2014

In recent days, a study of the intrusion detection system collecting and analyzing network data, packet or logs, has been actively performed to response the network threats in computer security fields. In particular, Bayesian network has advantage of the inference functionality which can infer with only some of provided data, so studies of the intrusion system based on Bayesian network have been conducted in the prior. However, there were some limitations to calculate high detection performance because it didn't consider the problems as like complexity of the relation among network packets or continuos input data processing. Therefore, in this paper we proposed two methodologies based on K-menas clustering to improve detection rate by reforming the problems of prior models. At first, it can be improved by sophisticatedly setting interval range of nodes based on K-means clustering. And for the second, it can be improved by calculating robust CPT through applying weighted-leaning based on K-means clustering, too. We conducted the experiments to prove performance of our proposed methodologies by comparing K_WTAN_EM applied to proposed two methodologies with prior models. As the results of experiment, the detection rate of proposed model is higher about 7.78% than existing NBN(Naive Bayesian Network) IDS model, and is higher about 5.24% than TAN(Tree Augmented Bayesian Network) IDS mode and then we could prove excellence our proposing ideas.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2009

Ubiquitous home is emerging as the future digital home environments that provide various ubiquitous home services like u-Life, u-Health, etc. It is composed of some home appliances and sensors which are connected through wired/wireless network. Ubiquitous home services become aware of user's context with the information gathered from sensors and make home appliances adapt to the current home situation for maximizing user convenience. In these context-aware home environments, it is the one of significant research topics to predict user behaviors in order to proactively control the home environment. In this paper, we propose Multi-Level prediction algorithm for context-aware services in ubiquitous home environment. The algorithm has two phases, prediction and execution. In the first prediction phase, the next location of user is predicted using tree algorithm with information on users, time, location, devices. In the second execution phase, our table matching method decides home appliances to run according to the prediction, device's location, and user requirement. Since usually home appliances operate together rather than separately, our approach introduces the concept of mode service, so that it is possible to control multiple devices as well as a single one. We also devised some scenarios for the conceptual verification and validated our algorithm through simulations.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.139-151
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• 2017

The habitat preference of roe deers(Capreolus pygargus) in Jeju island, South Korea was analyzed by using their occurrence probability in MaxEnt model in this study. Totally 490 surveying data were gathered and 15 environmental variables were chosen for the model in which 6 variables out of 15 ones were filtered and finally removed because of there being higher correlation(over 0.7 in correlation coefficient). According to the modeling, roe deers were known to prefer the area ranging from 200 to 700 meter and over 1,500 meter in sea level, where there were not many dominant tree and/or dominant vegetation with low density so that understory vegetation can grow well with plentiful sunlight and can be used as a food of herbivore like roe deers. Otherwise, the region ranging from 700 to 1,500 meter was mostly covered with high density vegetation which cut off sunlight trying to penetrate through the dominant vegetation. It can cause a lower density of vegetation on surface, which can not attract to roe deers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.89-106
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• 1983

After accepting the modernized western culture, we, the Koreans, had traditionally patriarchal valuation on the family life, which has been changed into modernize on in these days. Under these circumstances, we examined into family consciousness of workmen, office workers and student of universities in Pusan with questioning papers by inquiring their general views of family, marriage, family planning , and inheritance. The results obtained can be summarized as follows. 1. General views of family 1)Most of them prefer nuclear family to gross one in structure of family. In decision of family's affairs, the lower educated persons want an unilateral relationship, which means unconditional obdience to their parent's opinion. they are more concerned about the profit of the family than that of individual. on the other hand, they want 2-generations nuclear family system. 2) Concerning children's future affairs, they want compromising method. 2. Views of Marriage 1) Date with the other sex motivated their desire to improve social adaptation and social association. 17-19 year old students regard date as a preparatory stage of marriage. They consider it most desirable date to enjoy free conversation each other. They hope their date partners are high educated. 2) The conditions of mate selection are in order character, health, vitality in living, appearance and education. The less educated placed an emphasis on vitality in living. 3) They are not much interested in marital harmony. If parents are against their marriage an account of bad marital harmony, they will take into consideration about it. 4) They wish to keep purity before marriage, as possible. They want engagement period of 6 months. Any agreeable reasons shall compel them to break off their appointment. 5) they consider it ideal for mate's age to be 26-30 years old, and also think it affirmative to follow their parent's agreement in marriage. It is considerable that they put off their marriage only because they have lots of work to do before marriage. 6)Marriage declaration is to be made on the wedding day. It still exists that they don't want to marry when they are inth same surname and family tree. But it is clear that they don't regard it as the reason of breaking off the betrothal. 3. Family Planning 1) They are willing to agree to the campaign "just two is enough". They want a son and a daughter. Even though they have two daughters, they won's bear child to get son. 2) the lower educated persons are ignorant of the method of birth control. 4. Inheritance 1)Most of them say householder inheritance is to be kept up continuously. It is reasonable that anyone who can afford to perform religious service should bear it responsibility. 2)They don't want the difference in inheritance as the conscious to the conscious of the equality of the sexes spread widely into our society, but it is worthy of notice that some of them still don't mind unequal treatment. 3) When they have no child, the property inheritances are in order his wife and his parents. According to above mentions, we conclude like this: Their consciousness of marital harmony, marriage, family planning and inheritance shows definitely passive rationism in the transitional stage which is mixed with western individualism and traditional feudalism. On account of being lack of steady fast self-conscience, they can not make their positive reaction on anything. Finally, we should make every possible efforts to have our firm self-conscience through the re-education.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2009

Objective: Much has been known that the systematical theory of acupuncture was developed from stone needle as therapeutic tools for orthopedic diseases in ancient times. Stone needle is very old therapeutic method like moxibustion and has been recognized that it was developed since the Stone Age in China so far. In the present study, it was examined for the origination and formation of stone needle based on stone relics of the Stone Age in Korean Peninsular, the medical and geographical literatures. Materials and methods: The facts of stone needle was examined and arranged on the ancient medical or geographical literatures such as The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, Shanhaijing as an ancient geographical book, etc. The clan societies and family related to an origination of stone needle was chased together with their cultural characteristics and origination. The stone relics which have been digged out of historic sites in the North-East Asia were examined for a relevance to stone needle. Results: In The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, it was referred to the stone needle that originated from a fishery zone related to the east coast district in North-East Asia. Through the examination of Shan Hai Jing as an ancient geographical book and its historical reviews, a Go-yi clan society who keep Go's family tree dealt well with the stone needle and jewels including jade in the North-East Asia before the publication periods of The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, and is comprised in the culture of Dong-yi clan society but not the Chinese culture. The obsidian stones, which have been digged out of historical sites in the North-East Asia since the Stone Age, are originated from volcanic areas combined with seashore that seems to be Baekdu mountain district in Korea and Kyushu district in Japan. Furthermore, obsidian stone tools which were found out at Laodung peninsula and the Korean peninsula are archeologically similar to the stone needle with regards to the shape, size and dual-use. In addition, specific obsidian stone tools have been used in orthopedic surgery as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge up to five times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels. Conclusion: The origin of obsidian stone needle is well corresponded to the explanation about that of the stone needle. It is suggested that the stone needle which influenced in completion of acupuncture and Meridian theory in China seems to be an obsidian stone, and distribution of obsidian stone needle has been closely connected to Dong-yi clan society which are lived in the North-East Asia including Baekdu-mountain district.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.30-38
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a new method for image coding which efficiently use the relationship between the properties of spatial image and its wavelet transform. Firstly, an original image is decomposed into several layers by the wavelet transform, and simultaneously decomposed into 2$^n$$\times$2$^n$blocks. Each block is classified into two regions according to their standard deviation, i.e., low activity region(LAR) and high activity region(HAR). The region with low frequency in spatial domain does not only appears as zero regions in wavelet frequency domain like HL, LH, and HH but also gives little influence to the quality of reconstructed image. The other side, the high frequency regions are related to significant coefficients which gives much influence to image reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a image coding method to obtain high compression rate at low bit rate by these properties. The LAR region is encoded by LAR coding method which is proposed in this paper, the HAR by a technique similar to bitplane coding in hierarchical tree. Simulation results show that th,$\boxUl$ proposed coding method has better performance than EZW and SPIHT schemes in terms of image quality and transmitted bit rates, can be successfully applied to the application areas that require of progressive transmission.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.155-163
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• 1997

The Mongolian ger is ideally suited to the mongol's steppe climate and the nomadic way of life. This is a multipurpose dwelling which can be easily collapsed, transported to another place and put up again fully preserving its original shape. The pastoral nomadic ger has two key components: the wooden framework and the felt cover. The wooden parts are the walls(khana), the long poles(un), the smoke escape(toono) and its supports(bagana). One wall consists of 10-15 branches of willow tree. each about 1.5m high bound together in a way making it possible to fold it for transportation and then unfold it like an accordion. The unfolded walls are connected to form a circle. The long poles(un) are fastened to the upper part of the walls, with the other end passed through the toono hole, the only sky window and smoke escape through it from the ger. The toono is propped up by two posts, called bagana. All this forms the wooden framework of the ger, which is covered with felt. When the herders fire up their metal stoves, the temperature inside the ger becomes quite comfortable. Because the nomads live in a climate where there is only one growing season in a year, they do not make long migrations to new pastures. Livestock subsist on standing vegetation for eight months of the year. The basic pasture migration strategy is to leave enough standing vegetation at the end of the growing season in September to suffice until the new growth appears the following May. Mongolians use a type of compressed tea leaf that is called "brick" tea in English because it is rock solid and roughly the shape of a brick. And they consume a larger percent(88%) of fat from animal products such as meat, milk, butter, and cheese than any other people in the world. Milk products made from the milk of sheep, yak, and goats are major foods in the nomad's diet, but they are produced mainly in summer when all the animals are lactating. Mongolians made their special nomadic food culture on the steppe.