• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.107-126
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of postpartum depression. The qualitative research method used was rounded theory. The interviewees were eight others who had experienced postpartum depression. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of twelve months. he data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. Analysis the grounded data resulted in 28 concepts being identified. Eight categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were regret, loss of freedom, isolation of oneself, heartache, loss, emotional upset, avoidance, recovery. These substantive categories are consistent with precious research results. Causal conditions included : regret, loss of freedom. Phenomena : heartache, loss, emotional upset. Context : isolation oneself. Intervention condition : avoidance. Action/interaction strategies : desire for recovery. Consequences : recovery. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-The process of filling the empty loss of self. The process of the experienced postpartum depression was ① change after delivery, ② searching for a reason for depression, ③ effort to recover from postpartum depression, ④ recovery from postpartum depression and return to previous life. The process of recovery from postpartum depression was proceeded by ① support from others, especially husband, ② resolution of stressful life events, ③ reconstructing of life goals and resolution strategies, ④ acceptance of depression and seeking psychiatric treatment. Seven hypotheses were derived from the analysis. ① Mothers who experienced stressful life event and economic problem are more depressive. ② Mothers who have conflict with parents are more depressive. ③ The more somatic symptoms, the more depression. ④ Social support facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. ⑤ Mothers who have lower self-esteem are more depressive. ⑥ Mother's role overload disturbs recovery from postpartum depression. ⑦ Ideal maternal identity facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. Through this substantive theory, nurses can understand the importance of postpartum depression management.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the horticultural therapy program on patients with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia depending on the frequency and duration of the interventions. We developed the same 15-session program to improve cognitive functions and life satisfaction and alleviate depression of the elderly women with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. Subjects in Longer Treatment group participated in the program once a week for 15 weeks and subjects in Shorter Tratmet group participated twice a week for 7½ weeks. This study conducted pretest-posttest verification of both groups using quasi-experimental design involving 21 subjects. Elderly life satisfaction, Geriatric Depression Scale (short form), and the Korean Version of Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) were used in the evaluation. As a result, both groups showed an increase in life satisfaction, and a decrease in depression. However, there was a significant difference in the changes of the CERAD-K scores between the two groups (p < .05). In Longer Treatment group, life satisfaction increased significantly (p < .001), and depression decreased at a marginally significant level (p = .068), but no statistically significant change was observed in neurocognitive function. In Shorter Treatment group, life satisfaction increased at a marginally significant level (p = .059), and depression and CERAD-K scores decreased significantly (p < .05). However, in the case of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), there was no significant change in both groups. According to these results, when planning a horticultural therapy program for persons with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia, it is effective to organize and execute the program by determining the duration of intervention as 3 to 4 months or longer, even if this reduces the number of interventions per week.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2014

Chronic mild stress (CMS) has been reported to induce an anhedonic-like state in mice that resembles some of the symptoms of human depression. In the present study, we used a chronic mild stress animal model of depression and anxiety to examine the responses of two strains of mice that have different behavioral responsiveness. An outbred ICR and an inbred C57BL/6 strain of mice were selected because they are widely used strains in behavioral tests. The results showed that the inbred C57BL/6 and outbred ICR mice were similarly responsive to CMS treatment in sucrose intake test (SIT) and open field test (OFT). However, the two strains showed quite different responses in forced swimming test (FST) and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test after 3 weeks of CMS treatment. Only C57BL/6 mice displayed the depression- and anxiety-like behavioral effects in response to CMS treatment in FST and NSF test. Our results suggest that there are differences in responsiveness to CMS according to the different types of strain of mice and behavioral tests. Therefore, these results provide useful information for the selection of appropriate behavioral methods to test depression- and anxiety-like behaviors using CMS in ICR and C57BL/6 mice.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.984-991
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a school-based intervention program for middle school adolescent girls with depression. Methods: The study was a pretest-posttest repeated-measure design with a nonequivalent control group. Fifty eight students with depressive symptoms were recruited from two middle schools in Seoul, Korea. The data were collected from the intervention (n=30) and the comparison group (n=28). The research instrument was Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. Results: The intervention group greatly improved from baseline to 10 weeks and then saw a slight positive change between 10 and 13 weeks. Conclusion: The results of this research show that depression intervention programs are effective for young female adolescents. Thus the investigation has important school-based treatment implications, and should be integrated into school curriculums by school health nurses for early intervention of depressive symptoms in middle school adolescent girls.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.96-108
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• 2018

Purpose: This study the mediating effects of marital intimacy the relationship between depression and marital satisfaction of infertile women. Methods: 165 infertile women visiting a hospital in Gyeonggi-do and Busan, Korea from January 2016 to April 2016. The data was analyzed the SPSS WIN 22.0 program. Results: Depression, marital satisfaction, and marital intimacy averaged $1.51{\pm}.32$ (range of scale 0~3), $3.50{\pm}.56$ (range of scale 1~5), and $3.74{\pm}.65$ (range of scale 1~5), respectively. Depression had a negative correlation with marital satisfaction (r=-.361, p<.001) and marital intimacy(r=-.183, p<.001). Marital intimacy also had a positive correlation with marital satisfaction (r=.637, p<.001). Marital intimacy partial mediating effects between depression and marital satisfaction (${\beta}=.591$, p<.001). Conclusion: the intimacy of couple can alleviate the causal consequences that lead to a decrease in the marital satisfaction due to depression. Therefore, healthcare providers for infertile women should screen depressed women and help support infertile women from negative values for marriage depression. In addition, it is necessary to include interventions for maintaining and enhancing the intimacy of couples during infertility treatment.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.14-25
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• 2004

The current understanding of the mechanisms of pharmacotherapy for depression is characterized by an emphasis on increasing synaptic availability of serotonin, noradrenaline, and possibly dopamine, while minimizing side effects. The acute effects of current available effective antidepressants include blocking selective serotonin or noradrenaline reuptake, alpha2 autoreceptors or monoamine oxidase. Although efficacious, current treatments often produce partial or limited symptomatic improvement rather than remission. While current pharmacotherapies target monoaminergic systems, distinct neurobiological underpinnings and other systems are likely involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Recently, several promising hypotheses of depression and antidepressant action have been formulated. These hypotheses are largely based on dsyregulation of neural plasticity, CREB, BDNF, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid, hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and cytokines. Based on these new theories and hypotheses of depression, a number of new and novel agents, including corticotropin-releasing factor antagonists, antiglucocorticoids, and substance P antagonists show a considerable promise for refining treatment options for depression. In this article, the current available pharmacotherapies, current understanding of neurobiology and pathogenesis of depression and new and promising directions in pharmacological research on depression will be discussed.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2006

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to develop an exercise program for elder people, and to verify the effects of it. Method: A one-group pretest-posttest experimental design was used. The exercise program was developed by researchers, and applied to 20 elders for 3 times a week for 5 weeks. To evaluate the treatment effects, dependent variables such as subjective health status, cognitive function, ADL, IADL, and depression were measured repeatedly 7 times. One-way Repeated Measures ANOVA was used for analysis. Result: There were significant positive changes in subjective health status, cognitive function, ADL, and depression except IADL during the treatment period. The treatment effects decreased significantly during 1-3 weeks after the treatment period. Conclusion: The exercise program, which had developed by the researchers, enhancing subjective health status, cognitive function, and ADL and decreasing depression of elders. Therefore this program is strongly recommended for geriatric nursing care settings.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1995

The efficacy of fluoxetine was evaluated in 32 patients with major depression in double-blind amitriptyline-controlled clinical trials. Patients were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of treatment with 20mg/day of fluoxetine and 25-100mg/day of amitriptyline. We used the Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D) and the Clinical Global Improvement(CGI) to evaluate the improvement of depression. In addition, we also used the Covi Anxiety Scale and the Anxiety/Somatization subscale of HAM-D to investigate the relieving effect of anxiety. The improvement by fluoxetine in mean total score of HAM-D and CGI was comparable to amitriptyline. Fluoxetine also reduced anxiety significantly, but there was no difference between fluoxetine and amitriptyline in relieving anxiety symptoms. Fluoxetine showed considerably less adverse effects, especially anticholinergic effect and weight gain than amitriptyline. In conclusion, 20mg/day of fluoxetine was sufficiently effective in the treatment of depressive patients and was better tolerated than amitriptyline.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing depression of participants in the National Supporting Program for Infertile Couples (NSPI) who received a treatment of IVF (in vitro fertilization) or IUI (intra-uterine insemination). Methods: Using the 2013 NSPI Satisfaction On-line Survey data, secondary data analyses were conducted on 830 cases of IVF and 706 cases of IUI. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test, and logistic regression were performed using SPSS/WIN 21.0. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that non-pregnancy status (OR=3.05), unexplained infertility (OR=4.29), relationship trouble with spouse (OR=3.57), and relationship trouble with the in-law family (OR=2.78) were significant factors predicting the depression level in the IUI treatment group. Non-pregnancy status (OR=5.28), childlessness (OR=1.92), financial support helpful hardly or not at all (OR=2.63), relationship trouble with spouse (OR=3.28), relationship trouble with the in-law family (OR=2.83), and unemployment (OR=1.60) were significant factors in the IVF treatment group. Conclusion: To reduce infertile women's depression, adequate attention and care need to be paid to these psychological symptoms. It is suggested to develop counseling and couple-therapy along with methods to enhance social support (including that from the in-law's family).

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.162-174
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• 2021

Objectives : We aimed to identify the antidepressant effect of liver tonification acupuncture treatment (ACU (LT); KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4) and four gate acupuncture treatment (ACU (FG); LI4, LR3) and its brain neural activity in the normal and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mouse model. Methods : Firstly, normal mice were given ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) and the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Secondly, CRS was administered to mice for 4 weeks, then ACU (LT) or ACU (FG) was performed for 2 weeks. The depression-like behavior was evaluated using open field test (OFT) before and after acupuncture treatment. Then, the c-Fos expressions in each brain region were analyzed to examine brain neural activity. Results : In normal mice, ACU (FG) regulated brain neural activities in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray. ACU (LT) changed more brain regions in the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, including those altered by ACU (FG). In CRS-induced model, ACU (LT) alleviated depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG). Also, brain neural activities in the motor cortex area 2 (M2), agranular ventral part and piriform of insular cortex (AIV and Pir), and cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 of hippocampus were changed by ACU (LT), and those of AIV and CA3 were also changed by ACU (FG). As in normal mice, ACU (LT) resulted in changes in more brain regions, including those altered by ACU (FG) in CRS model. M2, Pir, and CA1 were only changed by ACU (LT) in depression model, suggesting that these brain regions reflect the specific effect of ACU (LT). Conclusions : ACU (LT) relieved depression-like behavior more than ACU (FG), and this acupuncture effect was associated with modulation of brain neural activities in the motor cortex, insular cortex, and hippocampus.