• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) produces only water at cathode by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. The generated water is transported across the membrane from the cathode to the anode. The transported water collected in water-trap and drained to the cathode within the humidifier outlet. If the condensate water is not being drained at the appropriate time, condensate water in the anode can cause the performance degradation or fuel efficiency degradation of fuel cell by the anode flooding or unnecessary hydrogen discharge. In this study, we proposed an optimization method of condensate water drain logic for the water drain performance and the water drain algorithm as considered the condensate water generating speed prep emergency case. In conclusion, we developed the water management strategy of fuel processing system (FPS) as securing fuel efficiency and operating stability.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.460-463
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• 2000

The current-voltage characteristics of the sandwich system at different annealing temperatures and different bias voltages have been studied. In order to prepare the Al/V$O_X$/Al sandwich devices structure, thin films of vanadium oxide(V$O_X$) was deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering from $V_2$$O_5$ target in 10% gas mixture of argon and oxygen, and annealed during lhour at different temperatures in vacuum. Crystall structure, surface morphology, and thickness of films were characterized through XRD, SEM and I-V characteristics were measured by electrometer. The films prepared below 20$0^{\circ}C$ were amorphous, and those prepared above 300 $^{\circ}C$were polycrystalline. At low fields electron injected to conduction band of vanadium oxide and formed space charge, current was limited by trap. Conduction mechanism at mid fields due to Schottky emission, while at high fields it changed to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effects.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2014

Flavor quality of Liriopis tuber tea that was made using a steaming process was studied by measuring changes in headspace volatile compounds. Headspace volatile compounds of the prepared samples were isolated, separated and identified by the combined system of purge & trap, automatic thermal desorber, gas chromatography, and mass selective detector. As steaming frequencies were increased, the area percent of aldehydes decreased from 32.01% to 3.39% at 1 and 9 steaming frequency times, respectively. However, furans and ketones increased from 18.67% to 33.86% and from 9.60% to 17.40% at 1 and 9 times, respectively. The savory flavor of Liriopis tuber tea was due to a decrease in aldehydes contributing a fresh flavor at the 1st steaming process and newly generated furans from nonenzymatic browning with repeated steaming frequencies. These results will provide basic information for quality control of the newly developed Liriopis tuber tea.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.580-585
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• 2004

Silicon dioxide (SiO$_2$) is widely used as a gate dielectric material for thin film transistors (TFT) and semiconductor devices. In this paper, SiO$_2$ films were grown by APCVD(Atmospheric Pressure chemical vapor deposition) at the high temperature. Experimental investigations were carried out as a function of $O_2$ gas flow ratios from 0 to 200 1pm. This article presents the SiO$_2$ gate dielectric studies in terms of deposition rate, refrative index, FT-IR, C-V for the gate dielectric layer of thin film transistor applications. We also study defect passivation technique for improvement interface or surface properties in thin films. Our passivation technique is Forming Gas Annealing treatment. FGA acts passivation of interface and surface impurity or defects in SiO$_2$ film. We used RTP system for FGA and gained results that reduced surface fixed charge and trap density of midgap value.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.234-243
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• 2018

Since September 2017, a small diesel vehicle certification test mode has been enhanced from NEDC to WLTC. The main reason for the change of the certification test mode is that the certification test mode of the emission control standard of the diesel vehicle does not sufficiently reflect various driving patterns of the actual roads. Several automakers have developed after-treatment systems such as LNT, SCR, and DPF to meet enhanced emissions regulations. In this study, four small diesel cars were selected for sale in Korea, and the exhaust gas measurement test was performed in the WLTC mode, which reflects the driving characteristics of the actual roads. As a result of test, LNT vehicle exceeded Euro 6 NOx regulation and SCR vehicle satisfied Euro 6 NOx regulation. In addition, both LNT and SCR systems showed high NOX emission characteristics due to speed, RPA and Vxa. For the PN, all test vehicles were fitted with a DPF and met the Euro 6 PN regulations, with similar PN emissions results in LNT and SCR system.

• 융복합기술연구소 논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.5-8
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• 2018

Emissions of diesel vehicles have been regulated by NEDC mode for a long time. However, the NEDC mode has been known the control of emission reduction is not reflected properly on actual road conditions. For these reasons, diesel vehicle emissions are regulated in both NEDC mode and WLTC mode from 2017 to 2020, from 2020 onwards, the emissions of diesel vehicles will measure in WLTC mode only and will not be able to exceed 1.5 times the regulated value. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development trend of diesel vehicle after-treatment system in order to comply with the future regulations on diesel vehicle. As a result, it is essential to reduce the NOx emissions of diesel vehicles for Euro 6, the NOx emissions of the test vehicle equipped with SCR were 30% to 50% loss than the test vehicle equipped with LNT despite the higher curb weight and engine displacement.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.3085-3094
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• 2022

The design concept of a Small High-flux Multipurpose LBE(Lead Bismuth Eutectic) cooled Fast Reactor (SHMLFR) was proposed in the paper. The primary cooling system of the reactor is forced circulation, and the fuel element form is arc-plate loaded high enrichment MOX fuel. The core is cylindrical with a flux trap set in the center of the core, which can be used as an irradiation channel. According to the requirements of the core physical design, a series of physical design criteria and constraints were given, and the steady and transient parameters of the reactor were calculated and analyzed. Regarding the thermal and hydraulic phenomena of the reactor, a simplified model was used to conduct a preliminary analysis of the fuel plates at special positions, and the temperature field distribution of the fuel plate with the highest power density under different coolant flow rates was simulated. The results show that the various parameters of SHMLFR meet the requirements and design criteria of the physical design of the core and the thermal design of the reactor. This implies that the conceptual design of SHMLFR is feasible.

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.473-480
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• 2022

Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, play essential roles in the innate immune system. As key innate immune cells, neutrophils detect intrusion of pathogens and initiate immune cascades with their functions; swarming (arresting), cytokine production, degranulation, phagocytosis, and projection of neutrophil extracellular trap. Because of their short lifespan and consumption during immune response, neutrophils need to be generated consistently, and generation of newborn neutrophils (granulopoiesis) should fulfill the environmental/systemic demands for training in cases of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils also play important roles in the regulation of adaptive immunity. Neutrophil-mediated immune responses end with apoptosis of the cells, and proper phagocytosis of the apoptotic body (efferocytosis) is crucial for initial and post resolution by producing tolerogenic innate/adaptive immune cells. However, inflammatory cues can impair these cascades, resulting in systemic immune activation; necrotic/pyroptotic neutrophil bodies can aggravate the excessive inflammation, increasing inflammatory macrophage and dendritic cell activation and subsequent T_H1/T_H17 responses contributing to the regulation of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies of neutrophil function as players of immune response.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.418-424
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 더블게이트 실리콘 나노시트 (SiNS) 피드백 전계효과 트랜지스터(FBFET)의 전기적 특성에 열처리가 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 1000 초 동안 바이어스 스트레스를 인가했을 때 더블게이트 SiNS FBFET는 inversion layer의 전자에 의한 계면 트랩의 증가로 인해 채널 모드와 무관하게 negative bias stress 보다는 positive bias stress의 영향을 더 많이 받았다. 300 ℃에서 10 분 동안 열처리를 진행한 이후 소자는 원래의 특성을 완전히 회복하였으며 다시 1000 초 동안 바이어스 스트레스를 인가해도 특성이 변하지 않았다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2008

새로운 녹색의 $CaZrO_3$ : $HO_{3+}$ 축광성 형광체를 고온의 약한 환원 분위기에서 전통적인 고상 반응법으로 합성하였다. $CaZrO_3$ : $HO_{3+}$ 축광성 형광체에 첨가 된 융제 $H_3BO_3$의 역할과 부활제의 적정농도에 대하여 연구하였으며, 합성한 축광성 형광체의 형광 분석 및 광 발광 분석을 행하였다. 고온의 질소 분위기에서 합성한 $CaZrO_3$ : $HO_{3+}$ 축광성 형광체는 546nm의 발광 피크가 나타남을 확인 하였으며, 장잔광 스펙트럼 또한 폭이 좁은 546 nm의 발광 피크가 나타남에 따라 순수한 녹색의 발광색을 띄고 있음을 확인하였다 녹색의 $CaZrO_3$ : $HO_{3+}$ 축광성 형광체의 발광 지속시간은 254 nm UV lamp로 여기 시킨 후 어두운 곳에서 5시간 이상 발광이 유지되었다. 발광 피크는 $HO_{3+}$ 이온의 $^5F_4$, $^5S_2{\to}^5I_3$ 전이에 의한 것이며, 잔광 특성은 $CaZrO_3$ 격자 내에 trap center가 생성됨 의하여 발생되는 것으로 판단된다.