• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2020

본 연구는 딥러닝 기술을 적용한 스마트교차로의 부산 해운대로 BRT 구간 버스정류장 유형을 대상으로 교통신호 프로그램인 LISA를 통해 네트워크 구축 및 알고리즘 설계 효과분석을 통해 버스정류장 유형별로 적합한 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 교차로 통과 전 정류장은 Phase insert 기법, 교차로 통과 후 정류장은 Early green 기법, 미드블럭형 정류장은 Extend green 기법이 가장 효과적인 것으로 분석되었고, 버스 및 일반차량과 보행자 현시로 구성하였기 때문에 Extend green 기법으로만 분석하였다. 교차로 통과 전 정류장은 교차로의 전체 통행시간은 57.8초, 지체시간은 33.2초, BRT 상·하행 평균 통행시간 85.3초, 지체시간 31.1초, 통과대수는 28대로 분석되었고, 교차로 통과 후 정류장은 교차로의 전체 통행시간은 58.2초, 지체시간은 31.8초 BRT 상·하행 평균 통행시간 102.2초, 지체시간 42.5초, 통과대수 26대로 분석되었다. 미드블럭형 정류장은 교차로의 전체 통행시간은 42.5초, 지체시간은 11.2초, BRT 상·하행 평균 통행시간 74.2초, 지체시간 17.0초, 통과대수 28대로 분석되었다. 분석결과를 토대로 버스우선 신호시범도입, 보행자 시거확보를 위한 계단식정지선, 속도감속을 위한 고원식횡단보도, 딥러닝 기술을 활용한 무단횡단금지 경고 벨 및 VMS 설치 등으로 BRT 구간에서의 교통사고 감소 효과가 기대되며, 이를 확대 도입할 필요가 있다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.101-114
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• 2006

버스는 대중교통의 대표적인 수단으로 지하철보다 운영이 저렴하고 접근성이 뛰어나다는 장점을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 일반차량과 도로를 공유하여 사용하기 때문에 도로혼잡의 직접적인 영향을 받고 있다. 이러한 버스의 정시성, 신속성, 쾌적성 등 버스서비스의 개선을 위해 버스우선신호의 도입이 요구되고 있다. 버스우선신호의 필요성 증대와 관련하여 서울시에서 운영되고 있는 실시간 신호제어시스템(COSMOS)은 버스우전신호에 대한 제어전략이 구축되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 교통상황에 대응하여 신호시간을 결정하는 실시간신호제어시스템에서 대중교통, 특히 버스의 효율성을 높이는 버스우선신호 알고리즘을 정립하여 그것의 효과를 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 알고리즘은 실시간 교통대응제어를 기반으로 버스우선신호를 제공하기 때문에 기존 버스우선신호에 비해 부도로의 교통상황을 고려할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 도심의 신호운영에서 중요시되는 연동을 유지하면서 우선신호를 제공하기 위해 수정주기 개념을 도입하였다 모의실험 결과 실시간 신호제어시스템하의 버스우선신호를 실행한 경우 그렇지 않은 경우와 비교하여 총지체는 증가하나 이는 기존 버스우선신호보다는 비교적 총지체를 감소시킨 것으로 나타났다. 버스통행시간의 감소로 버스서비스의 개선이 예상된다. 또한 버스의 재차인원을 고려할 경우, 차량이 아닌 사람을 기준으로 지체를 계산하기 때문의 본 알고리즘의 효율성을 인정받을 수 있다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.522-531
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• 1999

This research identifies the ingress to egress primary factors that causes a patient to receive delayed emergency medical care. This material was collected between February 1st to 28th, 1998. Research envolved 4,118 people who visited the college emergency medical center in Kyeongido Province, South Korea. Medical records were examined, using the retrospective method. to determine the length of stay and the main cause for waiting. Results are as follows : 1. The age group with the highest admission rate was 10 and under, approximately 1,394 (33.9%). Followed by an even distribution for ages between 11-50 at 10-15% for their respective ranges. The lowest admission rate was 50 years and above. 2. From the 4,118 records examined, 3,489 received outpatient treatment (84.7%); 601 were admitted for inpatient care (14.6%); 25 arrived dead on arrival (0.6%); and 4 people died at the hospital. 3. Between 7PM to 12AM, 42.9% were admitted to the EMC. The hours from 9PM to 11PM recorded the highest admission rate and 5AM to 8AM was the lowest From 8PM to 12AM, the most beds were occupied. 4. For most patients. the average length of stay was approximately 2.2 hours. By medical department, external medicine was the longest for 2.8 hours. Pediatrics was the shortest for 1.6 hours. The average waiting period for inpatient admission was 2.6 hours. Inpatient admission for pediatrics and external medicine was 3.4 hours and 2.2 hours respectively. 5. Theses are primary factors for delay at EMC: 1) pronged medical consultations to decide between inpatient versus outpatient treatment, and delaying to be inpatient, 2) when you call physicians they are delayed to come 3) Understaffing during peak or critical hours, 4) Excessive consulting with different medical departments, 5) some patients require longer monitoring periods, 6) medical records are delayed in transit between departments, 7) repeated laboratory tests make delay the result, 8) overcrowded emergency x-ray place causes delay taking x-ray and portable x-ray, 9) the distance between EMC and registration and cashier offices is too far. 10) hard to control patient's family members. The best way to reduce EMC waiting and staying time is by cooperation between departments, both medical and administrative. Each department must work beyond their job description or duty and help each other to provide the best medical service and satisfy the patient needs. The most important answer to shortened the EMC point from ingress to egress is to see things from a patient point of view and begin from there to find the solution.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2012

신호교차로의 효과척도는 신호교차로의 신호시간을 최적화 하고 단속류의 교통류를 관리하는데 기준이 되는 척도이다. 일반적으로 교차로나 네트워크를 주행하는 차량의 평균 지체시간을 줄이기 위하여 지체시간을 효과척도로 사용하고, 일부 교통축을 개선하거나 버스의 우선 통행을 위하여 연동효율을 효과척도로 사용하기도 한다. 교통류를 관리하고자 하는 현장 상황이나 목적에 따라 두 개의 효과척도 중 하나를 선택하여 각 척도의 목적에 맞게 신호시간을 관리하고 운영하고 있다. 그러나 실제 운전자가 도로를 주행할 때는 척도와 상관없이 대기시간이 짧을 수록, 교차로에서의 불필요한 정지가 적을수록 운전자의 만족도는 커진다. 본 연구는 지체시간과 연동성 구분없이 두 개를 동시에 고려하여 반영할 수 있는 시뮬레이션 모형을 개발하고자 한다. 기존의 연동폭 최대화 모형에서 반영하지 못한 교통량 수준과 정지선에 미리 대기하고 있던 잔여차량의 영향을 고려하기 위하여 밀도-교통량 곡선을 이용한 충격파 모형을 적용하였다. Daganzo의 Cell Transmission Model을 차용하여 지체시간과 연동지표를 개발하고 시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하였다. 본 모형의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 기존 지체시간 모형인 Transyt-7F와 연동폭 최대화 모형은 PASSERⅤ를 기준으로 지체시간과 연동효율을 산출하여 비교분석하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권2D호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2006

지금까지의 링크통행시간에 대한 연구는 개별 차량의 평균을 통한 평균링크통행시간 산정 및 추정의 제한적인 연구가 대부분이었다. 그러나, 링크통행시간은 교통조건, 신호운영조건, 도로조건 등 다양한 영향인자로 인해 통행시간 분포가 구분되는 특성을 나타낸다. 링크통행시간 분포특성에 대한 선행연구결과 통행시간이 양분되어 분포하는 것으로 나타났으며 따라서, 링크통행시간의 경우 평균통행시간에 의한 결과보다 신호지체가 발생하지 않는 통행시간과 신호지체가 발생하는 통행시간으로 구분하는 것이 교통상황을 인식하는데 바람직할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 통행시간 분포특성 및 원인을 분석하였으며, 프로그램을 이용한 시뮬레이션을 통해 보다 다양한 조건을 부여하여 링크통행시간분포비율에 영향을 주는 변수들에 대한 검토하고 통행시간 분포비율을 추정할 수 있는 모형을 구축하였다. 먼저 링크통행시간 분포비율을 추정하는 회귀모형과 퍼지근사추론 모형을 구축하였다. 추정 모형을 구축하기 위한 변수를 분석한 결과 잔류녹색시간과 대기행렬 대수가 높은 상관성을 가지는 것으로 분석되었으며, 따라서 이를 이용하여 추정모형을 구축하였다. 구축결과를 비교 검토한 결과 퍼지근사추론 모형이 회귀모형에 비해 추정의 신뢰성 및 적용성에서 더욱 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigated the usefulness of MR perfusion image comparing with SPECT image. A total of pediatric 30 patients(average age : 7.8) with Moyamoya disease were performed MR Perfusion with 32 channel body coil at 3T from March 01, 2010 to June 10, 2010. The MRI sequences and parameters were as followed : gradient Echo-planar imaging(EPI), TR/TE : 2000ms/50ms, FA : $90^{\circ}$, FOV : $240{\times}240$, Matrix : $128{\times}128$, Thickness : 5mm, Gap : 1.5mm. Images were obtained contrast agent administrated at a rate of 1mL/sec after scan start 10s with a total of slice 1000 images(50 phase/1 slice). It was measured with visual color image and digitize data using MRDx software(IDL version 6.2) and also, it was compared of measurement with values of normal and abnormal ratio to analyze hemodynamic change, and a comparison between perfusion MR with technique using Warm Color at SPECT examination. On MR perfusion examination, the color images from abnormal region to the red collar with rCBV(relative cerebral blood volume) and rCBF(relative cerebral blood flow) caused by increase cerebral blood flow with brain vascular occlusion in surrounding collateral circulation advancement, the blood speed relatively was depicted slowly with blue in MTT(Mean Transit Time) and TTP(Time to Peak) images. The region which was visible abnormally from MR perfusion examination visually were detected as comparison with the same SPECT examination region, would be able to confirm the identical results in MMD(Moyamoya disease)judgments. Hymo-dynamic change in MR perfusion examination produced by increase and delay cerebral blood flow. This change with digitize data and being color imaging makes enable to distinguish between normal and abnormal area. Relatively, MR perfusion examination compared with SPECT examination could bring an excellent image with spatial resolution without radiation expose.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.199-215
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• 1996

In Korea, the majority of hospital dietitians expend most of their time performing food management related activities, and only a few carry out nutrition care activities in full-time. This study was designed to measure productivity of the clinical nutrition team and assess the role of clinical dietitians in the only 2200-bed teaching hospital in Korea. Six full-time clinical dietitians collected time data for four weeks according to the nutrition care activities outlined. Three clinical dietitians assigned to 7 units recorded how often physicians implemented their recommendations for two months. Two kinds of survey questionaire were developed and sent to the patients and the health care team. The followings are a summary of the results. 1. The clinical nutrition team of 6 full-time dietitians expended 75% of their time performing patient care activities, 20% in non-patient care activities and 5% in delay and transit. 2. Each clinical dietitian assigned to the units carried out 56 patient care activities on daily basis. 3. The average time required for the clinical nutrition services was 60.2 minutes for outpatient counseling, 89 minutes for inpatient counseling, 72.5 minutes for nutrition management, 95 minutes for malnutrition consult and 121 minutes for dysphagia diet management. 4. Physicians' implementation of clinical dietitians' recommendations was 98.5%. 5. Most physicians and nurses viewed the clinical dietitians on the units assertive, contributing to the quality improvement of medical services, and helpful to the patients as well as the health care team. 6. Most patients viewed the clinical dietitians on the units considerate, attentive and helpful. Based on these results, it is suggested that (1) daily meal round and nutrition care monitoring are effective tools for nutrition intervention in the hospital setting. (2) unit assignment of clinical dietitians enhances the patients' satisfaction in the nutrition services provided as well as the perceptions of health care team on clinical dietitian's expertise.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.131-131
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• 2009

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a material with a wide bandgap (3.26eV), a high critical electric field (~2.3MV/cm), a and a high bulk electron mobility ($\sim900cm^2/Vs$). These electronic properties allow high breakdown voltage, high-speed switching capability, and high temperature operation compared to Si devices. Although various SiC DMOSFET structures have been reported so far for optimizing performances, the effect of channel dimension on the switching performance of SiC DMOSFETs has not been extensively examined. This paper studies different channel dimensons ($L_{CH}$ : $0.5{\mu}m$, $1\;{\mu}m$, $1.5\;{\mu}m$) and their effect on the the device transient characteristics. The key design parameters for SiC DMOSFETs have been optimized and a physics-based two-dimensional (2-D) mixed device and circuit simulator by Silvaco Inc. has been used to understand the relationship. with the switching characteristics. To investigate transient characteristic of the device, mixed-mode simulation has been performed, where the solution of the basic transport equations for the 2-D device structures is directly embedded into the solution procedure for the circuit equations. We observe an increase in the turn-on and turn-off time with increasing the channel length. The switching time in 4H-SiC DMOSFETs have been found to be seriously affected by the various intrinsic parasitic components, such as gate-source capacitance and channel resistance. The intrinsic parasitic components relate to the delay time required for the carrier transit from source to drain. Therefore, improvement of switching speed in 4H-SiC DMOSFETs is essential to reduce the gate-source capacitance and channel resistance.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제57권
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• pp.137-169
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• 2013

This article intends to analyse some features in Exclusion Clauses of the Institute Cargo Clauses 2009 and the results of analysis are following. First, the insufficiency of packing or preparation exclusion under the revised Clause 4.3 is now more limited than before and the Clause suggest the test of sufficiency or suitability "to withstand the ordinary incidents of the insured transit". Secondly, the word "proximately" was deleted under the revised Clause 4.5 for the insurer to be identified more easily as a cause, but it remains to be seen whether that re-drafting will be successful. Thirdly, The exclusion under the revised Clause 4.6 does not apply unless the insurer can prove that, at the time the subject-matter insured is loaded on board the vessel, the assured was aware, or in the ordinary course of business should have been aware, that the relevant insolvency or financial default could prvent the normal prosecution of the voyage, and to a person who purchase the goods from the assured in good faith under a binding contract. Fourthly, the exclusion in respect of unseaworthiness of vessel under Clause 5.1.1 applies only where the assured is privy to the unseaworthiness, whereas the exclusion in respect of unfitness of container or conveyance under Clause 5.1.2 includes the privity of the employee. Finally, Clause 7 establishes the definition of terrorism, and adds ideological and religious motive to political motive.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2009

The ideal method which measures a blood vessel of senility and degree of arteriosclerosis is to measure compliance of arterial and condition of blood circulation at the periphery. In these days vascular stiffness have been assessed by analyzing PTT (pulse transit time) from ECG and PPG. PTT is that between toe and finger each subject estimated through ECG and PPG signals. Two parameters, which are related to PWV, were tested with the time delay between the finger and toe. PWV is a variation of quantity which is associated with vascular stiffness. These researches which use PTT and PWV don't consider the blood vessel characteristic of an individual. In this current research, we have used with the blood vessel characteristic of an individual. That is an assessment of vascular stiffness using the variation of quantity in PWV with the changes of position in the subject. PWV variation increased as functions of the subject's age. The increase of the PWV variation parameters with age is attributed to the direct decrease of the blood vessel compliance with different position. The quantity of variation estimated by experimental results is that old age's (75.78${\pm}$7.75) case is 113.68% and young age's (26.47${\pm}$2.04) case is 85.69%. We proved and presented about estimation of vascular stiffness of possibility by this result.