• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2000

Bullying is the intentional, unprovoked abuse of power by one or more children to inflict pain on or cause distress to another child on repeated occasions. Bullying can be considered to be a form of child abuse：peer abuse. Victims suffer adverse effects in the short and long term. If bullying is regarded as a form of abuse then professionals have a duty to detect it, take it seriously, and ensure that it is deal with to reduce the child's suffering and minimize the potential long term effects. This study is aimed preliminarily the development of cognitive behavioral group therapy for school bullied. 202 normal middle school freshman responded to self report scales- Offer's Self-Image Questionnaire-Revised, Children's Depression Inventory, Spielberger State/Trait Anxiety scale, and Defining Issues Test. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation to test the relationship among the above 4 variables. Self Image, depression, and anxiety were correlated strongly each other. But moral development was not correlated with self image, depression, and anxiety. Five school bullied students were referred by their teacher for school maladjustment. The author tried 12 sessions of Cognitive-Behavioral group therapy and assessed their behaviors pre- and post intervention by above 4 scales. There were no significant different intervention effects statistically. But It is meaningful that improvement of psychological mindedness in diary written by subject in treatment sessions

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1083-1094
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• 2016

Carcass and price traits of 72,969 Hanwoo cows, bulls and steers aged 16 to 80 months at slaughter collected from 2002 to 2013 at 75 beef packing plants in Korea were analyzed to determine heritability, correlation and breeding value using the Multi-Trait restricted maximum likelihood (REML) animal model procedure. The traits included carcass measurements, scores and grades at 24 h postmortem and bid prices at auction. Relatively high heritability was found for maturity ($0.41{\pm}0.031$), while moderate heritability estimates were obtained for backfat thickness ($0.20{\pm}0.018$), longissimus muscle (LM) area ($0.23{\pm}0.020$), carcass weight ($0.28{\pm}0.019$), yield index ($0.20{\pm}0.018$), yield grade ($0.16{\pm}0.017$), marbling ($0.28{\pm}0.021$), texture ($0.14{\pm}0.016$), quality grade ($0.26{\pm}0.016$) and price/kg ($0.24{\pm}0.025$). Relatively low heritability estimates were observed for meat color ($0.06{\pm}0.013$) and fat color ($0.06{\pm}0.012$). Heritability estimates for most traits were lower than those in the literature. Genetic correlations of carcass measurements with characteristic scores or quality grade of carcass ranged from -0.27 to +0.21. Genetic correlations of yield grade with backfat thickness, LM area and carcass weight were 0.91, -0.43, and -0.09, respectively. Genetic correlations of quality grade with scores of marbling, meat color, fat color and texture were -0.99, 0.48, 0.47, and 0.98, respectively. Genetic correlations of price/kg with LM area, carcass weight, marbling, meat color, texture and maturity were 0.57, 0.64, 0.76, -0.41, -0.79, and -0.42, respectively. Genetic correlations of carcass price with LM area, carcass weight, marbling and texture were 0.61, 0.57, 0.64, and -0.73, respectively, with standard errors ranging from ${\pm}0.047$ to ${\pm}0.058$. The mean carcass weight breeding values increased by more than 8 kg, whereas the mean marbling scores decreased by approximately 0.2 from 2000 through 2009. Overall, the results suggest that genetic improvement of productivity and carcass quality could be obtained under the national scale breeding scheme of Korea for Hanwoo and that continuous efforts to improve the breeding scheme should be made to increase genetic progress.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2004

Amylase isozyme based three multivoltine viz., N+p, Np, N+ $p^{cho}$ and two bivoltine-D6+p, D6p syngenic lines (Syn. L) were developed from germplasm (GP) stocks Nistari (N) and D6 respectively. haemolymph isozyme pattern at pH 7.0 and 8.5 depicted a total 11 number (Am $y_{1 to 6}$ at pH 7.0 and Am $y^{l to 5}$ at pH 8.5) of native proteins (NP) of various sizes are amylase isozyme expressers. Among eleven NPs, two NPs of 770 kDa (Am $y^{6}$ at pH 7.0) and 376 kDa (Am $y^3$ at pH 8.5) are $\alpha$-amylase expressers and remaining NPs of 370, 364, 350, 329 and 274 kDa at pH 7.0 and 206, 292, 416, 725 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expressers. Accordingly, digestive juice amylase isozyme pattern at aforesaid pH also depicted a total number of 10 NPs (Am $y^{1 to 5}$) at each pH 7.0 and 8.5 are amylase expressers of which NP of 387 kDa (Am $y^4$ at pH 7.0) and 780 kDa (Am $y^{5}$ at pH 8.5) are a-amylase expresser. Remaining NPs of 338,297 ＆ 216 kDa at pH 7.0 and 370, 341, 329 ＆302 kDa at pH 8.5 are $\beta$-amylase expresser. Recurrent backcross lines (RBL) viz., N+pRBL and NpRBL were developed through introgression of high shell weight character (a multigenic trait) to be used further for congenic line (Con. L) development and to understand any association with introgressed character. Isozyme pattern in haemolymph of RBLs depicted only one $\alpha$-amylase of 770 kDa at pH 7.0 and 376 kDa at pH 8.0 with three and four respective $\beta$-amylase bands but in bivoltine lines numbers of $\beta$-amylase bands vary between 1 to 2 at aforesaid pH. Variability was also observed in digestive juice of multivolitine and its RBLs but bivoltine lines express null activity at both pH except appearance of one very week $\alpha$-amylase band D6+p at pH 8.5. Overall study suggests that not a single NP at both pH is common for expression of any band of amylase isozyme i.e., a totally different set of proteins are the amylase isozyme expresser at specific pH and no molecular factor of amylase is associated in developed RBLs which showed improvement on survival, single cocoon shell weight (SCSW) and single filament length over receptor parents.s.s.s.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-48
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• 2007

Background & Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of health behavior and taking courses related with those subjects by college students and analyse the factors that have effect on these issues so that provide a basic material in developing policy and education program that can increase the level of health behavior for them. Methods: A questionnaire was applied 1,500 college students for two months from October 10 to 30, 2007. Results: 1) When viewing the objects of this study as general traits and social economic ratio, 'female' was 59.4%, BMI index of '20-14' was 52.7%, department of natural science was 47/7%, and 'their own house' was 51.0%. 2) When viewing the experience of taking courses related with health by the trait of demography and sociology, 'no' was most high by showing 42.2%, and those of female. under 19 in BMI index, and the department of natural science showed no experience. 3) When viewing satisfaction with college life they showed $3.00{\pm}0.71$, stress level in college life $2.84{\pm}0.41$, the level of health behavior $2.06{\pm}0.65$. 4) When viewing taking courses related with health, stress in college life. and health behavior according to satisfaction with college life they showed $2.06{\pm}0.59$. 5) When viewing the level of health behavior according to demographic and sociological traits, the habit of eating was $2.48{\pm}0.52$ and health care was $2.96{\pm}0.47$. 6) When viewing the effect of factors on health behavior, there were gender, age, residence area, grade, and satisfaction with college life. Conclusion: As we can see from the results above, it is the fact that the students in college are neglecting the subjects related with health owing to short period of education and major based education by the education aim of fostering professional career manpower. Therefore it needs open many culture courses for the subject related with health in college for the students to increase their health level as well as their major, and also there needs combined improvement of college and government system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2014

A metabolomic study using GC/MS analysis was conducted to identify key metabolic components regulating the growth of open-pollinated Pinus koraiensis families, which were grown for 29 years at three different locations. Among 110 individual metabolites identified, the contents of 62 metabolites were higher in the superior than in the inferior families (p<0.05), together with 22 metabolites, such as phosphoric acid, alanine, glycine, malic acid, and sucrose, being accumulated 1.5-fold higher in the superior families. In addition, 15 metabolites including alanine, malic acid, sucrose, d-turanose, and succinic acid showed positive correlation with the growth (p<0.01). Furthermore, the metabolites, of which contents were correlated with the growth but not significantly changed at different locations, were acetic acid, succinic acid, butanoic acid, glutamic acid, and inositol. Therefore we suggest that several metabolites selected in this study may be used as metabolic markers for quantitative growth trait in P. koraiensis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1259-1265
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• 2015

The present study was performed to study the genetic relationship of productive life with production and type traits of Korean Holsteins at first three lactations. The data for the analysis from 56,054, 28,997, and 11,816 animals of first, second and third parity cows which were born from 2006 to 2011 were collected by Dairy Cattle Improvement Center, National Agricultural Co-operative Federation. Milk, protein and fat yields adjusted for 305 days and average somatic cell score considered as production traits and analyzed type traits were stature, strength, body depth, dairy form, rump angle, rump width, rear leg side view, foot angle, front attachment placement, rear attachment height, rear attachment width, udder cleft, udder depth, front teat placement and front teat length. A multi trait genetic analysis was performed using Wombat program with restricted maximum likelihood animal model composed of fixed effect of birth year, farm and the random effect of animal and random residual effect according to the traits. Heritability estimates of productive life were between 0.06 and 0.13. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between production and productive life traits ranged from 0.35 to 0.04 for milk, 0.16 to 0.05 for protein and 0.18 to 0.02 f 15-0034 (2nd) 150520 or fat. Somatic cells score showed a negative genetic and phenotypic correlation with productive life and also udder type traits, indicating that the selection for higher udder traits will likely to improve resistance to mastitis and persistence in the herd. Among all dairy form type traits, udder characters such as udder cleft showed a significant relationship with productive life. However, a specific change of heritabilities or correlations were not observed with the change of parity. Moreover, further studies are needed to further confirm the significance of the above traits and the effect of parity on above relationships in order to minimize both voluntary and involuntary culling rates while improving herd health and maintaining high yielding dairy cows.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.382-386
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• 2007

The association between the promoter region genotypes of the porcine adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene and carcass traits in commercial pigs was examined. Interestingly, only two different genotypes (-406T/T and T/C) for the A-FABP gene were detected using Hinf-RFLP for the substitution mutation T-406C in the A-FABP promoter in commercial pigs, and no -406C/C homozygotes were detected. The reason for the lack of the -406 C/C genotype is due to the breeding system in which only Duroc, which has a high frequency of -406C/- in this locus among the three breeds involved in commercial pig production, is typically used as a terminal sire. The pigs containing the genotype -406C/- were significantly associated with an increase in intramuscula. fat content and carcass weight (p<0.05), but there was no association with the other carcass traits tested (fat composition, color score, texture score, moisture, and separation score between muscles). This study suggests that the -406C/- genotype of the porcine A-FABP gene may not only be a useful molecular marker for intramuscular fat, but may also contribute to the improvement of meat quality by the production of well-marbled pigs by breeding animals containing this genotype, especially Duroc, as a terminal sire for commercial pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1530-1540
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• 2016

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetone concentration in milk by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with test-day milk production traits including fat %, protein % and milk yield based on monthly samples of milk obtained as part of a routine milk recording program in Korea. Additionally, the feasibility of using such data in the official dairy cattle breeding system for selection of cows with low susceptibility of ketosis was evaluated. A total of 57,190 monthly test-day records for parities 1, 2, and 3 of 7,895 cows with pedigree information were collected from April 2012 to August 2014 from herds enrolled in the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Multi-trait random regression models were separately applied to estimate genetic parameters of test-day records for each parity. The model included fixed herd test-day effects, calving age and season effects, and random regressions for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Abundance of variation of acetone may provide a more sensitive indication of ketosis than many zero observations in concentration of milk BHBA. Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations. The average heritabilities for milk acetone concentration were 0.29, 0.29, and 0.22 for parities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was no clear genetic association of the concentration of two ketone bodies with three test-day milk production traits, even if some correlations among breeding values of the test-day records in this study were observed. These results suggest that genetic selection for low susceptibility of ketosis in early lactation is possible. Further, it is desirable for the breeding scheme of dairy cattle to include the records of milk acetone rather than the records of milk BHBA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1558-1565
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the number of loci affecting growth traits and the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects on growth traits, and to understand the genetic architecture for growth traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) using genome-wide association study (GWAS), genomic partitioning, and hierarchical Bayesian mixture models. Methods: GWAS: A single-marker regression-based mixed model was used to test the association between SNPs and causal variants. A genotype relationship matrix was fitted as a random effect in this linear mixed model to correct the genetic structure of a sire family. Genomic restricted maximum likelihood and BayesR: A priori information included setting the fixed additive genetic variance to a pre-specified value; the first mixture component was set to zero, the second to 0.0001×σ²_g, the third 0.001×σ²_g, and the fourth to 0.01×σ²_g. BayesR fixed a priori information was not more than 1% of the genetic variance for each of the SNPs affecting the mixed distribution. Results: The GWAS revealed common genomic regions of 2 Mb on bovine chromosome 14 (BTA14) and 3 had a moderate effect that may contain causal variants for body weight at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. This genomic region explained approximately 10% of the variance against total additive genetic variance and body weight heritability at 12, 18, and 24 months. BayesR identified the exact genomic region containing causal SNPs on BTA14, 3, and 22. However, the genetic variance explained by each chromosome or SNP was estimated to be very small compared to the total additive genetic variance. Causal SNPs for growth trait on BTA14 explained only 0.04% to 0.5% of the genetic variance Conclusion: Segregating mutations have a moderate effect on BTA14, 3, and 19; many other loci with small effects on growth traits at different ages were also identified.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.88-101
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• 2009

Objectives: Since Korean traditional medicine has an integrative perspective by its nature, the patients' psychological and physical problems in a Korean traditional clinic may be resolved through a more integrative approach. The purpose of this study was to describe the latent characteristics of psychological health of child outpatients and their parents visiting Korean traditional clinic with physical complaints and was to propose an alternative curriculum to meet their needs based on their psychological and physical aspects. Methods: Subjects studied consisted of 100 outpatients (59 boys, 41 girls, mean age 55 months, age range 18 to 83 months) and their parents. Behavior characteristics for children were measured by Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL1.5-5) while parenting stress, depression, and anxiety for parent were measured by Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. The data of subjects were compared to those of standardized groups and then were compared according to child's gender within sample. Results: Child participants were reported to have significantly higher scores of all CBCL 1.5-5 subscales than the standardized group. When compared, no differences of K-PSI-SF, CES-D, and STAI was found between parents of participants and the standardized groups. However, parents of child participants with at-risk psychological problems showed significantly higher scores of all parenting stress subscales than those of all child participants. In addition, the mothers of boy participants demonstrated significantly higher anxiety, depression and parenting stress than those of girl participants irrespective of psychological severity. Conclusions: We discussed the implication of these results in clinical situation and make recommendations for curriculum of psychiatry and pediatrics with the aim of improving proper diagnosis, consulting and treatment.