• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1995

Objective : Patients with sleep apnea should be diagnosed with polysomnography(PSG). However, it is not easy to recommend PSG for all patients suspected with sleep apnea in practice. Therefore, we tried to develop the screening test for referral of PSG. Method : 140 patients with snoring and sleep apnea syndrome were studied by the PSG. Sleep apnea questionnaire. Zung's scale for depression. Stanford Sleepiness Scale(SSS), insomnia scale and neuropsychological test were administered. Also, blood pressure, height, weight and neck circumference were measured and some histories were taken. Correlations between respiratory disturbance index(RDI) and various parameters mentioned above and discriminant coefficients of the parameters to RDI were computed. And, we investigated sensitivities of screening tests for selection of the patients with RDI above 20. Results : Using six parameters(neck circumference, systolic blood pressure before sleep, degree of alcohol drinking, frequency of breath-holding during sleep, degree of dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score), the patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated in 92.8% sensitivity. In case of more than two among six parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm, systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, frequent breath-holding during sleep, frequent dry mouth during sleep, sleep apnea score of above 35), same patients could be discriminated in 87.6% sensitivity. And, in case of more than one among four parameters(neck circumference of above 40cm. systolic blood pressure of above 125mmHg, frequent alcohol drinking, body weight of above 80kg), discrimination sensitivity was 83.5%. Conclusions : Patients with RDI above 20 could be discriminated by above parameters with high sensitivity. Therefore, the screening test using above parameters can be applied in selection of the patients with sleep apnea for PSG in practice.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2018

The present study was to investigated the effects of motion-based virtual reality training on cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with stroke. This study was participated in forty one patients with acute stroke. All subjects were randomly assigned into either the experimental group(n=20) or the control group(n=21). The both groups received the conventional occupational therapy during 30 min a day, 5 a week, 4 a weeks. Additionally, experimental group performed motion-based virtual reality training on each session during 30 min/day, and control group conducted conventional occupational therapy on each session during 30 min/day. The outcome measures were the LOTCA(Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment), TMT(Trail Making Test), VM(Visual Memory), K-MBI(Korean Modified Barthel Index). In comparison of change score of cognitive function, the experimental group showed a significantly greater improvements in attention and visual working memory than the control group(p<.05). As a result for change score of activities of daily living, the experimental group showed a significant greater improvement in self care than the control group(p<.05). Our findings suggest that motion-based virtual reality training may have a effects of the improvements of cognitive function and activities of daily living than conventional therapy in patients with acute stroke.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to explore the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stroke patient in China. Method: The study sample was 100 who were possible to communicate and agreed. The data were collected from one Brain's hospital at Yanji in China and by trained nurse from December 12, 2005 to April 28, 2006. The measurement tools were Digit span, Trail making, and MMSE-K. The data were analysed by SPSS Win 11.5 using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The mean score of DSF was 5.07, 3.42 of DSB, 161.37 of TMA, 229.28 of TMB, 22.64 of MMSE-K. There was a significant difference in DSF (F=6.35, p=.001), DSB (F=6.10, p=.001), TMA (F=3.53, p=.018), TMB (F=3.26, p=.025), MMSE-K score (F=12.97, p=.000) according to age, and DSF (F=6.67, p=.000), DSB (F=6.01, p=.000), TMA (F=5.82, p=.001), TMB (F=6.23, p=.001), and MMSE-K score (F=13.02, p=.000) according to educational level, and DSF (F=5.35, p=.006), DSB (F=3.16, p=.047), TMA (F=3.30, p=.041), TMB (F=3.42, p=.037), and MMSE-K score (F=4.95, p=.009) according to duration of disease, and DSB (F=3.54, p=.018), and MMSE-K (F=6.05, p=.001) according to frequencies of hospitalization. There was high correlation between DSF and DSB (r=.581, p=.000), TMA and TMB (r=.936, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSF (r=.579, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSB (r=.591, p=.000), DSF and TMA (r=.727, p=.000), and DSF and TMB (r=.721, p=.000). Conclusion: The cognitive evaluation score of Korean-Chinese stroke patients in China was in normal limit. The age, educational level, duration of disease and income were significant demographic characteristic affecting cognitive function. Further study need to compare the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stoke patients in China and stoke patients in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2020

Objective : This study identified the effect of tailored occupational intervention applied to the elderly with mild dementia using the day care center. Methods : This study applied the single-group experimental design to 29 elderly with mild dementia who use the day care center in B area, and conducted a total of 10 sessions once a week, 60 minutes. Intervention consisted largely of group activities and individual activities, and individual activities were conducted one-on-one with various activities necessary to select occupational goals and achieve the goals through consultation between the elderly with mild dementia and the person in charge. The effects of tailored occupational intervention were confirmed through CERAD, BBS, and GDS. Results : Significant differences were shown in the total score of MMSE-KC, time orientation, attention, constructional praxis delayed recall, and trail making test B in the cognitive function changes, and standing to sitting, standing unsupported with eyes closed of BBS in the physical function changes, and in the GDS score in the depression changes (p<.05). Conclusion : Tailored occupational intervention has been shown to be effective in improving cognitive and physical functions of the elderly with mild dementia and reducing depression. This provided a basis for proposing a tailored occupational intervention as an intervention that can be applied to the elderly with mild dementia.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Objectives: Cognitive impairment in restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients can be affected by sleep deprivation, anxiety and depression, which are common in RLS. The objective of this study is to investigate relationship between cognitive impairment and RLS in the non-medicated Korean elderly with controlling for psychiatric conditions. Method: The study sample for this study comprised 25 non-medicated Korean elderly RLS patients and 50 age-, sex-, and education- matched controls. All subjects were evaluated with comprehensive cognitive function assessment tools- including the Korean version of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K), severe cognitive impairment rating scale (SCIRS), frontal assessment battery (FAB), and clock drawing test (CLOX). Sleep quality and depression were also assessed with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and geriatric depression scale (GDS). Results: PSQI and GDS score showed no difference between RLS and control group. There was no significant difference between two groups in nearly all the cognitive function except in constructional recognition test, in which subjects with RLS showed lower performance than control group (t=-2.384, p=0.02). Subjects with depression ($GDS{\geq}10$) showed significant cognitive impairment compared to control in verbal fluency, Korean version of Mini Mental Status Examination in the CERAD-K (MMSE-KC), word list memory, trail making test, and frontal assessment battery (FAB). In contrast, no difference was observed between subjects who have low sleep quality (PSQI>5) and control group. Conclusions: At the exclusion of the impact of insomnia and depression, cognitive function was found to be relatively preserved in RLS patients compared to control. Impairment of visual recognition in RLS patients can be explained in terms of dopaminergic dysfunction in RLS.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Objectives: Depression, sleep complaints and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in the elderly. Elderly subjects with depressive symptoms have been found to show both poor cognitive performances and sleep disturbances. However, the relationship between sleep complaints and cognitive dysfunction in elderly depression is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline in late-life depression. Methods: A total of 282 elderly people who underwent nocturnal polysomnography in a sleep laboratory were enrolled in the study. The Korean version of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery developed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) was applied to evaluate cognitive function. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and subjective sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: The control group ($GDS{\leq}9$) when compared with mild ($10{\leq}GDS{\leq}16$) and severe ($17{\leq}GDS$) depression groups, had significantly different scores in the Trail making test part B (TMT-B), Benton visual retention test part A (BVRT-A), and Stroop color and word test (SCWT)(all tests p<0.05). The PSQI score, REM sleep duration, apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were significantly different across the three groups (all indices, p<0.05). A stepwise multiple regression model showed that educational level, age and GDS score were predictive for both TMT-B time (adjusted $R^2$=35.6%, p<0.001) and BVRT-A score (adjusted $R^2$=28.3%, p<0.001). SCWT score was predicted by educational level, age, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and GDS score (adjusted $R^2$=20.6%, p<0.001). Poor sleep quality and sleep structure alterations observed in depression did not have any significant effects on cognitive deterioration. Conclusion: Older adults with depressive symptoms showed mild sleep alterations and poor cognitive performances. However, we found no association between sleep disturbances (except sleep apnea) and cognitive difficulties in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms. It is possible that the impact of sleep disruptions on cognitive abilities was hindered by the confounding effect of age, education and depressive symptoms.