• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.274-281
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the injury rates and risk factors for preschool children in Daegu city and Kyungpook province. Method : A questionnaire survey about medically attended injuries during the preschool period was performed in nine primary schools located in Daegu city, Pohang city and Goryung County. The overall injury rate was estimated using person-year. The causes and patterns of the injuries, and their risk factors were examined. Result : A total of 469 medically attended injuries were reported in 330 of the 959 study subjects during the preschool period. The overall annual injury rate was 7.5 per 100 children. The injury rate increased sharply during the period from infant (2.4) to 1 year of age (7.5), and the peak injury rate (9.2) was reported for 5 year olds. The most common causes of injuries were falling (36.0%), followed by being struck by an object (23.7%), and traffic accidents (14.1%). Among the traffic accidents, 72.8% occurred while playing on the road, riding a bicycle or roller-skating. A proportional hazard model showed that males (hazard ratio=1.49, p<0.001 compared with female) and the mother's higher education level (hazard ratio of college or higher= 1.51, p=0.013; high school=1.32, p=0.085 compared with those of middle school or lower) were significant risk factors of childhood injury. Conclusion : The results of this study suggested that efforts for children's safety should be made, especially from the toddler stage, and in male children. To develop a more specific childhood injury prevention program, a surveillance system for injuries should be established. Further study of the relationship between mother's occupation and injury rates is also needed.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 1998

In the past most major accidents resulted in death, but today there is a dramatic increase in the number of people who survive such accidents but who are left with permanent injury. Particularly, children who are inquisitive about their surroundings but immature in their ability to assess danger, are more vulnerable to accidents and their causes as well as to determine attitudes towards prevention. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of using an accident prevention manual for accident for accident prevention education. The study was a quasi-experimental study using a questionnaire format. The subjects of the study were 393 mothers of children attending six day care centers in Seoul. Data collection was done between May 1 and June 15, 1997. The tools used for the study were a questionnaire developed the researchers and a manual for accident prevention. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Types of accidents included stabbing, bums, falls from heights, choking, falls on slippery surfaces, traffic accidents, drowning, poisoning, and electrical shock in that order of frequency. 2. The main causes of accidents in children were from cosmetics and household medications. 3. The most frequent locations of accidents in the home were the bathroom, kitchen, and stairways in that order. 4. For $90.4\%$ of children safety seats were not used when the ridding in a car. 5. In examining the parents' accident prevention practices, it was found that many parents used only . one electrical outlet for many appliances, tending to overload the electricity lines and that they were not practically concerned bout the flammability of children's pajamas, indicating a less than positive attitude towards fire prevention. 6. The parents had not provided their children with any instruction on accident prevention or on what to do after an accident had occurred. 7. After the use of pamphlet in an accident prevention education program, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in the degree to which children carried out safety measures (t=14.96, p=.000) and in their safety habits (t=-1.67, p<.1) indicating an effectiveness in this method of education. The results of this study showed that there are many things in a child's environment that can cause accidents and that the possibility of an accident occurring is high. So nurses looking after children should be aware of the need for safety education to prevent accidents in the home and plan to provide appropriate educational material to help parents with this education.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.41-56
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• 2005

Objectives: More than 80% of unintentional injury was related to risk-taking behaviors involved in child accidents. Therefore, diverse care and concerns on safety should be provided from teachers as well as parents to build child safety behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of safety concerns from students, teachers, and parents on elementary students' safety behaviors in Korea. Methods: The 5th and 6th grade students participated in this study in 14 elementary schools in Korea and the total number of students was 1,033. The study schools were selected by the stratified cluster sampling method throughout 7 metropolitan areas in Korea. Data were collected by the self-administered survey and the questionnaires were delivered to the vice-principals of the designated schools by ground postal service and the vice-principals conducted survey data collection. The questions on students' safety concerns, teachers' safety concerns, parents' safety concerns, safety practices, safety education, and demographics were included in the survey. All survey responses were encoded into SPSS program and t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were utilized. Results: The students taking accidents one time more per year were more than 60% and the two thirds of them recognized that their accidents were due to their risk behaviors. Parents' education on safety practices was more frequent than teachers' education; furthermore, teachers' concerns on safety behaviors were poorer than students' or parents' concerns. In terms of safety behaviors, the scores of fire and home-related safety behavior were high but the scores of traffic and bicycle, in particular, helmet wearing practice were low. Three concerns from students, parents, and teachers all were significantly related to children's safety behaviors. Conclusions: In conclusion, safety concerns from the close networks are the important indicator of child safety behaviors and, the safety training programs, therefore, for parents and teachers as well as for students need to be developed for improving children's safe behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.90-116
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the children so as to avoid any accidents and to improve their health through a sound and safe living environment with safety education established through more systematic methods. For the study, the methods used include the questionnaires for collecting data which are distributed among 273 children from 3 to 6 years old. They live in three districts of Seoul (Kangnam and Kangbuk), Kyeonggido (Munsan and Ilsan) and Incheon. The children's general characteristics are investigated and the relationship between the accident-proneness prospects and their results are analyzed assuming that children's health is expected to have an effect on their safety. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. The accident-proneness prospect (for the living safety) has significant difference in sleeping habits and physically weak conditions(p<0.05). 2. The accident-proneness prospect (for the traffic safety) has no significant difference in accordance with the children's health condition. 3. Children's reasoning power has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 4. Children's movement speed non-significantly differs in accordance with their health condition. 5. Children's movement stability has a significant difference in accordance with their health conditions such as history of mild disease(p<0.05) and physical work capacity(p<0.05). 6. Children's attention power has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 7. Children's characteristic activities show a significant difference in accordance with their health history of mild disease(p<0.05). mental health(p<0.05). eating habits(p<0.05) and others (i.e. auditory abnormality and skin desease)(p<0.05). 8. General assessment of the APP test has no significant difference in accordance with their health condition. 9. The health conditions are a significant difference in the history of mild disease in accordance with sex(p<0.05) and whole family members(p<0.001). Also there are shown significant differences. in accordance with sex(p<0.05). in physical work capacity(p<0.05). Eye sight, blood circulation and skin condition show significant differences in accordance with residence(p<0.05) and whole family members(p<0.01). and the condition of eating habits appeared significant in accordance with age(p<0.05). Also, sleeping habits and physically weak conditions shows significant differences in accordance with age(p<0.001) and housing pattern(p<0.01), and others (i.e. auditory abnormality and skin desease) show significant differences in accordance with residence (p<0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

Instroduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate safety education-related backgrounds and safety behaviors of elementary school children at a local area in Jeonbuk province. Methods: Study subjects were 308 5th and 6th graders from 6 schools located in J City and the data were collected from June 16-27, 2003. Research instrument to test safety behaviors was 4-points summated scale (Cronbach${\alpha}$= .94) composed of 54-items with three sub-categories school life safety (${\alpha}$= .88), traffic safety (${\alpha}$= .86), and daily life safety (${\alpha}$= .84), The data was analyzed by percentage, x2-test, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan test using SPSS/PC 10.0. Results: 1. Safety Education-related Characteristics: Safety education was mostly conducted during extracurricular hour as picnic (37%) and regular class (37.2%); and the instructors of safety education were school nurse (33.2%), classroom teacher (30.9%), and parents (23.4%) in order. About two third (71.0%) of the subjects have had many kinds of school event program such as essay writing, poster drawing, oratorical contest in the course of safety education According to gender, girl students was more favorable about school events as a effective safety education measure (x2=9.188, p= .010); and according to school location, nural school taught more at moming & closing session (x2=7.383, p= .025), by school nurse or classroom teacher (x2=36.574, p= .001), and had more frequent (x2=63.337, p= .001) safety education class. 2. Practice of safety behaviors: Mean scores of safety behaviors was $106.9{\pm}24.92$ out of 162 points. According gender, the scores of girl students (t=-3.296, p= .001) were significant higher than boy students. But there was not any significant difference according to school area According to safety education-related characteristics, the scores of safety behaviors was significantly higher in the group who thought that school event program was more effective on safety education (F=4.024, p= .019), and who were more interested in current safety education class (F= 10.203, p= .001) Conclusions: From the above findings, the authors concluded that school-based safety education was mainly conducted at extra-curricular and regular class, and by school nurse or classroom teacher in elementary school. Even though the mean scores of safety behaviors of elementary school children was in medium level, those. were significant higher in girl students and in rural school children. And extra-curricular activities and school event programs were suggested as more effective strategies for school-based safety education Based on the above findings, safety education class can be recommended in regular curricular basis; and various extracurricular activities and school event programs need to be developed for more effective school-based safety education. In addition, further study on gender-specific factors on safety behaviors and nationwide survey on school-based safety education should be needed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-123
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the needs of teachers in daycare centers for preschoolers in providing health education and health care services and to identify competencies and barriers to health education among the teachers. Method: A total of 410 teachers from 496 public daycare centers were recruited. Participating daycare centers were selected using a stratified sampling method. Data were collected from June to August 2002 using mailed questionnaires. Result: About 37% of the daycare centers provided health education more than 6 times during the past year and 92% provided annual health screenings. Traffic safety, personal hygiene, and sexuality education were most frequently provided. Regarding in-service education for daycare teachers, 62.7% had obtained health related education. Sexuality education, traffic accident, and injury prevention were the main topics for the in-service education. The teachers had relatively higher competencies and lower barriers to health education, while they also had proper knowledge related to health of children. Conclusion: Based on the study results, health professionals could plan and develop health promotion programs to meet the needs of teachers and children in daycare centers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2022

After the death of Min-sik Kim in Asan, South Chungcheong Province in September 2019, awareness of the school zone has been increasing, and the traffic law is being revised continuously. However, despite these efforts, the number of traffic accidents among children has not decreased significantly. This indicates the need for a new direction considering the behavioral characteristics of children and the traffic environment. Therefore, this study identified the current status and problems of school zones through case analysis of school zones in Korea. In addition, we analyzed the Vision Zero policy, the concept of Home Zone, and engineering-oriented road design cases and operation methods in Sweden, an advanced country in traffic safety. In addition, the cases of the two countries were compared and organized focusing on the basic principles of disaster prevention design. The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of design and policy to improve school zone problems in Korea. Through this, it is expected that the results of this study will be used as data for future research development for the reduction of school zone fatalities in Korea.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.73-83
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• 2016

Pedestrian safety was recently highlighted with a yellow carpet, a yellow-colored pavement material prepared for children waiting for signals for pedestrian crossing, without validation of its efficiency in practice. It was a promising device likely to assist highway safety by stimulating pedestrian to step on the yellow-colored area; it was generally called nudge effects. This paper delivers a study conducted to check the effectiveness of yellow carpet in three different aspects in vehicle driver's perspective by applying the newly introduced information technology (IT) service: Visual Attention Software (VAS). It was assumed that VAS developed by 3M in the United States should be able explain the Korean drivers' visual reaction behaviors since technology embedded in VAS was developed based on and proved by other various international countries and continents in the world. A set of pictures was taken at thirteen different field sites in seven school zone areas in the Seoul metropolitan area before and after the installation of a yellow carpet, respectively. Sets of those pictures were analyzed with VAS, and the results were compared based on the selective safety measures: the likely focusing on standing pedestrians (waiting for a pedestrian's green signal time) affected by its background (yellow-colored pavement) contrasting him or her. The test results from a set of before-and-after comparison analyses showed that the placement of yellow carpet would (1) increase 71% of driver's visual attention on pedestrian crossing areas and (2) change the sequential order of visual attention on that area 2.4 steps ahead. The findings would enhance deployment of such promising efficiency and thus increase children safety in pedestrian crossing. The result was promising to highlight the way to support the changes in conservative traffic safety engineering field by applying the advanced IT services, while much robust research was recommended to overcome the limitation of simplification of this study.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.446-452
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• 2020

As the use of children's school buses increases, accidents caused by the negligence of school bus drivers and ride carers have also increased significantly. To prevent such accidents, the government is coming up with various policies. We propose an accident prevention and safety management system for children's school buses. Through this system, bus drivers can easily check whether each child is seated and whether the seat belt is used, so it is possible to quickly respond to children's conditions while driving. With the ability to recognize faces by analyzing camera images, children can use a seat belt that is automatically adjusted to their height. It is therefore possible to prevent secondary injuries that may occur in the event of a traffic accident. In addition, a sleeping child-check system is provided to confirm that all children get off the bus, and a text service is provided to inform parents of their children's locations in real time. Based on Raspberry Pi, the system is implemented with cameras, pressure sensors, motors, Bluetooth modules, and so on. This proposed system was attached to a bus model to confirm that the series of functions work correctly.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.295-304
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the status of health management and to evaluate the need for health professionals in day care centers in the South Korea. Method: Data were obtained from 360 child care providers in 16 provinces from May to August, 2007. Data was analyzed using SPSS WIN 14.0. Results: Safety education (traffic. 83.8% general safety. 71.6%) was provided more often than the other topic of education. All health related education was provided by child care providers. When minor health problems occurred, the most common management strategy was to send the child home (36.1%). During emergency conditions, majority of child care providers preferred taking the children to medical centers without giving any emergency care and 19.4% reported sending the child home without any immediate care. Child care providers recognized the need for health care professionals. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the need for services of health professionals in day care centers to satisfy the needs and expectations for health management in these centers. As health professionals, public health nurses or pediatric nurse practitioners may play an important role in health management of children in day care centers.