• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.178-202
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• 2012

In this paper, we first survey cross-layer architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). Afterwards, we propose a novel cross-layer architecture for QoS provisioning in clustered and multi-hop based WMSNs. The proposed architecture provides support for multiple network-based applications on a single sensor node. For supporting multiple applications on a single node, an area in memory is reserved where each application can store its network protocols settings. Furthermore, the proposed cross-layer architecture supports heterogeneous flows by classifying WMSN traffic into six traffic classes. The architecture incorporates a service differentiation module for QoS provisioning in WMSNs. The service differentiation module defines the forwarding behavior corresponding to each traffic class. The forwarding behavior is primarily determined by the priority of the traffic class, moreover the service differentiation module allocates bandwidth to each traffic class with goals to maximize network utilization and avoid starvation of low priority flows. The proposal incorporates the congestion detection and control algorithm. Upon detection of congestion, the congested node makes an estimate of the data rate that should be used by the node itself and its one-hop away upstream nodes. While estimating the data rate, the congested node considers the characteristics of different traffic classes along with their total bandwidth usage. The architecture uses a shared database to enable cross-layer interactions. Application's network protocol settings and the interaction with the shared database is done through a cross-layer optimization middleware.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.287-306
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• 2017

In the present study, a new assessment simulation of ride safety based on a new wind-traffic-pavement-bridge coupled vibration system is developed considering stochastic characteristics of traffic flow and bridge surface. Compared to existing simulation models, the new assessment simulation focuses on introducing the more realistic three-dimensional vehicle model, stochastic characteristics of traffic, vehicle accident criteria, and bridge surface conditions. A three-dimensional vehicle model with 24 degrees-of-freedoms (DOFs) is presented. A cellular automaton (CA) model and the surface roughness are introduced. The bridge deck pavement is modeled as a boundless Euler-Bernoulli beam supported on the Kelvin model. The wind-traffic-pavement-bridge coupled equations are established by combining the equations of both the vehicles in traffic, pavement, and bridge using the displacement and interaction force relationship at the patch contact. The numerical simulation shows that the proposed method can simulate rationally useful assessment and prevention information for traffic, and define appropriate safe driving speed limits for vulnerable vehicles under normal traffic and bridge surface conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.35-47
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• 2023

Deformability of road pavements in the form of ruts represent a safety risk for road users. In the procedures for dimensioning the pavement structure, the requirement that such deformations do not occur is imperatively included, which results in the appropriate selection of elements (material, geometry) of the pavement structure. Deformability and functionality, will depend of the correct design of pavement structure during exploitation period. Nevertheless, there are many examples where deformations are observed on the pavement structure, in the form of rutting at parts of the road with relatively short length, realised in the same climatic and the same geoenvironmental conditions. The performed analysis of deformability led to the conclusion that the level of deformation is a function of the speed of traffic. This effect is observed on city roads, but also outside of urban areas at roads with speed limits are significant, due to the traffic management, traffic jams (intersections, etc.). Still, the lower speed cause greater deformations. The authors tried to describe the deformability of flexible pavement structures, from the aspects of geotechnical problems, as a function of driving speed. Outcome of the analysis is a traffic load correction coefficient, in terms of using the existing methods of flexible pavement structures design.

• 정보화연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2013

Web Services offer many benefits over other types of middleware in distributed computing. However, usage of Web Services results in large network bandwidth since Web Services use XML-based protocol which is heavier than binary protocols. Even though there have been many researches to minimize the network traffic and bandwidth usages of Web Services messages, none of them are solving problem clearly yet. In this paper, we propose a transparent proxy with cache to avoid transfer of repeated SOAP data, sent by Web Service to an application. To maintain the cache consistency, we introduce publish/subscribe paradigm using WS-Eventing between the proxy and Web Service. The implemented system based on our proposed architecture will not compromise the standards of Web Service. The evaluation of our system shows that caching SOAP messages not only reduces the network traffic but also decreases the request delays.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

This paper presents an architecture for distributed control systems and its underlying methodological framework. Ideas and concepts of distributed systems, artificial intelligence, and soft computing are merged into a unique architecture to provide cooperation, flexibility, and adaptability required by knowledge processing in intelligent control systems. The distinguished features of the architecture include a local problem solving capability to handle the specific requirements of each part of the system, an evolutionary case-based mechanism to improve performance and optimize controls, the use of linguistic variables as means for information aggregation, and fuzzy set theory to provide local control. A distributed traffic control system application is discussed to provide the details of the architecture, and to emphasize its usefulness. The performance of the distributed control system is compared with conventional control approaches under a variety of traffic situations.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제6권7호
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• pp.1239-1244
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 접속 노드와 무선 채널로 구성되는 무선 ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 접속 구조에서 랜덤 트래픽의 셀 손실율에 대한 성능을 분석하였다. 랜덤 트래픽 환경에 대하여 접속노드는 셀 레벨(cell levell)의 큐잉 모델을 적용하였다. 그리고 무선 채널을 버스트 에러 환경으로 고려하여 무선 ATM 접속 구조의 셀 손실율을 나타내는 수식을 도출하였다. 무선 ATM접속 구조에서 랜덤 트래픽의 셀 손실율 성능을 개선하기 위해 FEC(Forward Error Correction) 기법을 적용할 수 있는데, 본 논문에서는 여러 FEC 기법을 적용한 경우의 셀 손실율 성능을 정량적으로 비교 분석하여 그 중에서 제안한 concatenated 코드가 가장 우수함을 입증하였다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.62-68
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 여러 개의 마이크로 프로세서를 다중 접속 통신으로 연결하여 지능형 교통 신호 제어기를 설계를 다루었다. 제안된 제어기는 신호등, 입력장치, 교통량 측정장치 및 보조 신호등 등의 교통 신호 제어기의 여러 장치를 단일 프로세서에 의하여 제어하는 기존의 제어기와 달리 각각의 장치를 전용 마이크로 프로세서에 의하여 제어하도록 하고 각 프로세서들을 주 프로세서와 다중 접속에 의하여 연결하는 다중 프로세서 시스템에 의하여 제어하도록 하는 분산형 제어 시스템으로 설계하였다. 설계된 제어 시스템은 교통량 및 소통 속도의 실시간 측정, 신호등의 제어, 연동 장치 및 보조 교통 신호등을 각각의 전용 프로세서에 의하여 제어하도록 하여 교통 신호 제어 프로그램의 부담을 여러 개의 프로세서로 분산하였다. 이러한 분산형 제어 시스템은 단일 프로세서 제어 시스템에 비하여 프로세서의 프로그램 수행 부담이 줄어들어 연동제 신호 제어 및 관제형 신호 제어 등의 지능형 교통신호 제어 부가 기능을 실시간으로 처리할 수 있으며 장치의 추가 등, 확장성이 우수하다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법은 실제 시스템을 제작하여 주 제어 프로세서와 각 프로세서간의 다중 접속 통신에 의한 연결 및 신호등 구동 및 제반 입출력 처리 기능을 실험하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.75-77
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• 2005

An integrated I&C architecture for nuclear power plants is designed by the systems and devices being developed in a project. Its design reference is the APR1400 that was design certified in Korea. Digital equipment and several kinds of data communication networks (DCN) are used. To confirm the validity of DCN based architecture design, the traffic loads fur each network were calculated assuming the anticipated maximum traffic condition. The analysis showed that the utilizations of all networks satisfied the design requirements.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.31-44
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• 2006

In a packet switching network, congestion is unavoidable and affects the quality of real-time traffic with such problems as delay and packet loss. Packet fair queuing (PFQ) algorithms are well-known solutions for quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee by packet scheduling. Our approach is different from previous algorithms in that it uses hardware time achieved by sampling a counter triggered by a periodic clock signal. This clock signal can be provided to all the modules of a routing system to get synchronization. In this architecture, a variant of the PFQ algorithm, called digitized delay queuing (DDQ), can be distributed on many line interface modules. We derive the delay bounds in a single processor system and in a distributed architecture. The definition of traffic contribution improves the simplicity of the mathematical models. The effect of different time between modules in a distributed architecture is the key idea for understanding the delay behavior of a routing system. The number of bins required for the DDQ algorithm is also derived to make the system configuration clear. The analytical models developed in this paper form the basis of improvement and application to a combined input and output queuing (CIOQ) router architecture for a higher speed QoS network.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권1B호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2011

현재 광대역 통합망의 사용으로 인해 확장된 망을 사용하는 트래픽의 양이 많아지고, 어플리케이션의 발달로 인해 트래픽의 종류도 증가하고 있다. 특히 IPTV, VOD, 온라인 게임 등의 멀티미디어 속성을 가진 트래픽의 증가가 두드러지고 있다. 이러한 멀티미디어 트래픽은 페이로드의 크기가 클 뿐만 아니라 실시간 처리를 요하기 때문에 라우터에서 트래픽 속성에 따라 차등한 대역폭을 지원하는 연구가 진행 중에 있다. 트래픽의 속성을 정확히 구분하기 위해선 어플리케이션 계층을 분석하여야 하는데, 기존의 네트워크 프로세서 구조에선 L2-4 처리와 L7처리를 순차적으로 처리하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 L2-4와 L7을 병렬로 처리하기 위해 글로벌 캐시를 둔 새로운 병렬 네트워크 프로세서 구조를 제안한다. 제안하는 구조를 검증하기 위해 기존의 네트워크 시스템과 제안한 구조의 네트워크 시스템을 SystemC로 모델링하였으며, L2-4, L7 처리 시간을 측정하기 위해 EEMBC-와 SNORT를 이용하여 동일한 시스템에서 시뮬레이션 하였다. 멀티미디어 속성의 동일한 트래픽이 연속적으로 입력될 경우 제안한 구조에서 약 85%의 성능 향상을 보였다.