• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.921-934
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and differences of borrowed landscape in traditional arbors and temples in Jeonbuk province. And this study is attempted to widespread the width of understanding the traditional landscape borrowing method for contributing in modem reception and creation of landscape architectural culture. For this, 30 traditional arbors and 30 traditional temples in Jeonbuk province were selected. The orientation of the place of view point, distance, vertical and horizontal angle were surveyed for identifying the structure of borrowed landscape. Furthermore main element, auxiliary element and a media of borrowed landscape were surveyed also. Two hypothesis were established for verifying the feasibility and real effectiveness of research results. First, the willingness of borrowed landscape shall be being in establishing traditional arbors and temples. Second, this willingness of borrowed landscape shall be accomplished in arbor space more positively than in temple space. The results of this study are as follows; 1. In temples, the surrounding landscape adapted in Buddhism principles are principally expressed, whereas in arbors, congregating landscape, variety landscape, background landscape for establishing good view point and enframed landscape are induced for making authoritative landscape as various borrowed landscape techniques. 2. The distance to borrowed landscape in temples is involved in far landscape region, whereas that in arbors is in middle and near. In comparative with temples, the arbors shows variety in distance to the borrowed landscape objects. 3. Down view borrowing is used generally in arbors, whereas upper view borrowing is used in temples at the view angle to the borrowed landscape objects. 4. Borrowed landscape objects are more considered factors than view scope in arbors. Main elements for borrowing landscape are very various arbors, but those are simple as mountains and peaks in temples. And natural elements are much more than artificial things in arbors as a media of borrowing landscape in comparative with temples.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.137-147
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• 2008

This study has investigated fire safety rules related with traditional temples and main fire causes and cases to traditional temples among traditional wooden buildings so has analyzed fire vulnerability, and through a field probe of three traditional temples in Eunpyeonggu Seoul which have cultural properties, has analyzed geographical conditions, going out path spot reaching time required of a fire brigade, fire protection system, fire prevention administration and security system, factors of fire vulnerability, and has presented about fire safety plans of traditional temples.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.5 s.118
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• pp.84-99
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• 2006

The traditional temples located in national parks have various functions, such as religious practice, tourist destination, and conservation for cultural and natural resources. One functions have implicit monetary values in terms of public benefits. The purpose of this study was to estimate both use and non-use conservation values for two traditional temples, Sinheungsa and Haeinsa, using the contingent valuation method. In the study, both single-bounded and double-bounded dichotomous choice methods were used in an application of Turnbull distribution-free model. A total of 659 visitors were interviewed, 350 in Sinheungsa and 309 in Haeinsa. The mean WTP (willingness to pay) for Sinheungsa using single-bounded method was 4,040 Won for the use value, 6,157 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 5,624 Won for the natural conservation value. The mean WTP for Haeinsa using single-bounded method was 6,463 Won for the use value, 8,769 Won for the cultural conservation value, and 8,013 Won for the natural conservation value. The total economic value of each temple accounted for 50% (Sinheungsa) and 80% (Haeinsa) of the total economic value of the associated national park. It was also found that the single-bounded method was more conservative than the double-bounded method in terms of value estimation. The WTP was highest for the cultural conservation value and lowest for the use values in both temples, with natural conservation values falling in the middle, which showed that people perceived traditional temples as the cultural heritage. Based on these results, it was suggested that traditional temples should be designated as an 'multiple heritage area' so that conservation can be used as the main criteria for various use programs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the waterscape of the Sunam Temple on Mt. Chokye over which controversies had been actively raised, especialy of its Japanese impacts, comparing the phenomena arising from it with those of Korean and Japanese traditional temples. And then the identity of the Sunam Temple was clarified in itself. It is concentrated on what exotic formation are found in waterscapes of the Sunam Temple and how they can be proved via what factors. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Two curved ponds located in the western part of the Iljumun gate have a specific features not visible in any other Korean traditional temples, serving as an object of interest. Such ponds with curved form in the Sunam Temple had an affinity to those of stroll-style garden in Kyoto area. 2. The winding waterway along with curved ponds in the west of the Iljumun gate was introduced into the Sunam Temple. Therby, it was an exceptional phenoma hardely found in the traditional temples of Korea. This study was a typical one, as found in the stroll Japanese temples. Especially, the swinding waterway found in both the Kinkakuji Temple and the Ginkakuji Temple designated as object temples of comparison in the present study.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.2 s.23
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• pp.19-32
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• 2000

There is an opinion that Korean Buddhist Temples located in mountains(山地寺刹) should be built since the Secret Buddhism was introduced and the Zen Buddhism was widely distributed over But, Korean Buddhist temples were already in the mountains before the introduction of Zen Bluddhism. Moreover, Zen Buddhist temples were actually not located at mountainous region, but located at plain area in mountains. Thus it is necessary to modify the idea of that the location of temples were only under the influence of Secret Buddhism. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between the location of the Korean Buddhist Temples and transportation. The results of this study are as follows; Based on the legends originated from the buddhist temples, the traditional maps, and the political situations, it has been disclosed that the locations of Korean Buddhist Temples have the relations with the traffic roads. Therefore politically, militarily, and socially, the Korean Buddhist Temples have played important roles since the Three Kingdoms. The Buddhist temples need lodging facilities called Won-Woo for the ordinary people, due to change of the characteristics of the Buddhism in Korea from politically to socially. But the lodging facilities stood apart from main region for the ascetic exercise of the Buddhist priests.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.80-94
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze and interpret the ponds appeared in the Korean traditional temples. Summarized findings are as follows: First, it appeared that the location of ponds of the Korean traditional temples is, in general, in both the entry space and transitional space of temple. And it is considered that such configurations of the location of ponds were done intentionally in order that the ponds should have a significance as same as the concept that a natural mountain stream separates the sacred place and the secular world. Second, since the size of the ponds appeared in the temples are considered to be what is transformed from the original one, it is hard to understand the real size. However, it is judged that since ponds we see at present played an element of the total space of a temple it is deemed that no significant change of the size of ponds have happened if the size of the structure a temple itself has ever changed. Third, it appeared that the forms of the temple's ponds are diversified in a square, oval, egg-shaped one, round shape(circle), natural shape, etc. and it is identified that most of the ponds inspected for this study appeared to be in shapes of an oval, egg-shaped one, and round shape which take a typical curve. Fourth, regarding the temples whose origins are from the Baekje dynasty or Shilla dynasty among the objects of this case study, there appear some uniform styles for each temple respectively. For example, in both the Junglim Temple's twin pond(定林寺 雙池) and the Mireuk Temple's twin pond(彌勒寺 雙池) which were built in the Baekje dynasty appears a twin-pond in a square shape, and in the Bulkuk temple(佛國寺), Haein temple(海印寺), Tongdo temple(通度寺), etc. which were built in the Silla dynasty appears the ponds in an egg-shape one. Fifth, regarding the function of the ponds appeared in the temples, the ponds are characterized with a lotus pond(蓮池), reflecting pond(影池), and pond complex(蓮 . 影池). In consideration of the 20 ponds in the 15 places of this study's object, there are 8 lotus ponds(蓮池), 6 reflecting ponds(影池), and 6 ponds complex(蓮 . 影池).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.37-42
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• 1995

This study aimed at reconstruction the forgotten rules of Silla's. Bulguksa and Sokgulam in their conditions of location and spatial orders. So tried to find out what Korean Traditional principles in spatial art were and how they actually worked. The locations of these two temples related to their immediate environments, the geometric cityscape of the old city Kyungju. This geometric figure formed the basic of city master plan in the 8the century. And it highly effected on not these two temples but also many other significant places in locating decision making.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.44-58
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• 2022

Bunhwangsa Temple, Baekryulsa Temple and Sambulsa Temple are not famous cultural heritage area, but they are visited by many tourists and are located in Gyeongju National Park and Gyeongju Historic Areas, so environmental and cultural preservations are required. The purpose of this study is to manage the unique environment and landscape of cultural assets by analysing the invasive alien plant of traditional temple of Gyeongju. The whole flora were summarized as 188 taxa including 73 families, 136 genera, 154 species, 3 subspecies, 11 varieties, 4 forms, 5 hybrids and 12 cultivars., and the landscape plants were 163 taxa and 38 taxa of the invasive alien plants. The 13 taxa of invasive alien plants were planted in three temples. The ecosystem disturbance species were 3 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Lactuca seriola and Symphyotrichum pilosum. Invasive alien plants have artificial causes such as landscape planting, but there are also those that are introduced naturally from outside. The parking lot of the temple is expected to be a major propagation path for invasive alien plants due to the large amount of interference and disturbance. Based on the results of this study, the management plans are suggested as follows. First, it is necessary to use native species suitable for the natural environment and traditional landscape of Korea for landscape planting of traditional temples, and development of planting guidelines centered on cultural properties is required. Second, it is necessary to refrain from planting invasive alien plants because traditional temples are located in an important environment and historically. Third, for the preservation of the temple environment, it is necessary to promptly remove the ecosystem disturbance species. Fourth, in order to express the landscape characteristics of traditional temples, a unique planting plan should be established in consideration of the location environment and historicity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 2011

This research aims to discover how the pure land(Sukkavati), which had the greatest impact on ordinary people since the Shilla period, are represented in the Buddhist temples. This study first looked into the seven landscapes of the pure land, which are written on the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ a reliance on $s{\bar{u}}tras$ of the Pure Land School. Then, their meaning in the modern world were interpreted. Next the research moved on to the next step to see how the spirit and ideas of the pure land are shown in temples of the Pure Land School. Korean temples of the Pure Land School were found to faithfully embody the landscapes of the pure land in the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$. One might say that those landscape traits of the temples surveyed are common among all Korean buddhist temples, but in the temples of the Pure Land School. those traits consistently reflect special concepts, forming their landscape identity. But ponds, on which the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ and the picture of $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ put huge emphasis and drawn without an exception, were hard to find among the temples surveyed. This means that previous idea that a pond was an indispensible part in the temples of the Pure Land School needs to be corrected.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

Korean temple gardens have very high preservation value as the place reflecting ancestral wisdom in harmony with nature. Not only as a religious place but also as a beautiful landscape place, many people including foreigners are visiting traditional Korean temples. However, current many Korean temple gardens lost their original value and meaning because of the inappropriate planting in traditional places. In this study, for maintaining the representativeness of traditional Korean temple, we researched the current planting status of traditional Korean temple. After the research of 51 traditional Korean temples, a total of 207 species of plants was investigated, and among them 128 species (61.84%) were Korean native plants, 76 species (36.71%) were cultivar plants, 2 species (0.97%) were naturalized plants, and 1 species (0.48%) is introduced plant. Korean red pine (46 temples), sawleaf zelkova (38 temples), and ginkgo (36 temples) were the high rank species among 207 species. Korean rare plants including black-fruit hackberry and Korean fir form 5.3% of total species, and Korean endemic plants including Korean weigela and Korean paulownia form 3.4% of total species in traditional Korean temples. On the other hand, plants that have religious meaning such as lotus, musa, and guelder rose form slightly. There is a higher proportion of traditional Korean plants than religious meaning plants in traditional temple gardens, so that temple gardens are highlighted as historic places. Based on the planting status, maintenance plans were established reflecting characteristics of each spaces: entry space, the precincts of a shrine, and flower stairs. As a result, we suggest that selecting a suitable plant species with regard to the religious meaning of the plant symbolism for newly designing Korean temple gardens.