• Title/Summary/Keyword: Trade Enterprises

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The Effect of Internationalized Human Capital on Export Performance of SMEs: Focusing on the Moderating Effects of Export Experience and Export Market Diversification (국제화된 인적자본이 중소기업의 수출성과에 미치는 영향: 수출경험과 수출시장다변화의 조절효과를 중심으로)

  • Young-Soo Yang;Jae-Eun Lee
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.171-184
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    • 2021
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of internationalized human capital on SME's export performance and to examine the moderating effects of export experience and export market diversification of SMEs that can affect the relationship between internationalized human capital and export performance of SMEs. The results of empirical analysis of 150 small and medium-sized enterprises located in Jeonnam province are as follows. First, the internationalized human capital of SMEs was found to have a positive (+) effect on export performance. Second, as a result of empirically analyzing the moderating effect of internationalized human capital on export performance, the export experience of SMEs was found to have a negative (-) moderating effect on the relationship between internationalized human capital and export performance of SMEs, and the export market diversification had a negative (-) moderating effect on the relationship between internationalized human capital and export performance of SMEs. This study provides meaningful theoretical implications in that this study identified the role of human capital by analyzing the relationship between internationalized human capital as an important source of competitive advantage of SMEs and export performance.

The Prospects of International Cities in China

  • Zhou, Yi-Xing
    • Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.131-153
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    • 1999
  • Since 1980's there have been two trends that obviously developed in the would -- economics globalization and urban internationalization. China, with is reform and opening-up policy and rapid economic growth, keeps pace with these two trends. The term "International City" has no putative standard or definition. If we make an analogue of urban functional hierarchy in the world with a pyramid, the International Citiesa are the few elites on its top. The highest level international cities can be called "World City" or "Global City". In today's new international division of labor, they are diversified leading cities with control capacity on a world scale, like New York, London, and Tokyo. The secondary international cities are either diversified cities with influence and regulative functions on multinational scale or specialized cities on politics, economics, culture, or other aspects with worldwide impact. Judged by different criteria, there is no city that is qualified as International City with the exception of Hong Kong, which was returned to the P.R. of China in 1997. Nevertheless, Some favorable conditions for the development of the international city still exist in China. This country is already the sixth largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest one if GNP estimated by ppp. Furthermore its import and export value make up for 40% of its GNP, indicating that China is repidly merging into global economy. In this 1, 2 billion-population country, the difference of economic levels between urban and rural, coastal and inland regions is so big that a few metropolises in the coastal region have the possibilities and potentials to develop into international cities regardless of rather low GNP per capita of the whole country. This article will focus on analysis from several perspectives, such as the proportion of foreign trade values in GDP, the proportion of imports and exports by foreign funded enterprises in total foreign trade value; distribution of the 500 largest foreign-funded enterprises; distribution of the 500 enterprises with largest import and export values; distrigbution of foreign computer and telecom companies with offices in China; the number of outward flights per week and the international tourists; the value of foreign capital used in cities and so on. From this analysis, it is predicted that Chinese international cities will surely emergy from the eastern coastal regions and they must be the core cities of metropolitan interlocking regions that have been formed or in the process of forming. Those international cities will arise from south to north in turn : Hong Kong-Guangzhu, Shanghai, Beijing-Tianjin, and perhaps the last one is Dalian-Shenyang. The other side of this issue is that there is a long way for the coming international cities in China except Hong Kong. At least China and these core cities must continually devote to (1) improve the regional composition of foreign capital sources. (2) improve the composition of export commodities. (3) improve the investment environment (including hard and soft environment) to attract more transnational corporations to settle. (4) deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and establish Chinese own transnational corporations to enter the world market.ons to enter the world market.

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Competitiveness and Export Performance in Korean Manufacturing Enterprises : Focusing on the Comparison of Conglomerates and SMEs (국내 제조기업의 경쟁력과 수출: 대기업과 중소기업의 비교를 중심으로)

  • Lee, Dong-Joo
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.1-26
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    • 2018
  • This study estimates the technical efficiency and total factor productivity(TFP) of and analyzes the relationship between TFP and exports for Korean manufacturing companies from 2000 to 2016. Specially, TFP is decomposed into Technical Change(TC), Technical Efficiency Change (TEC), and Sale Effect(SE), and compared between large and small enterprises. First, in the case of technical efficiency, the Korean economy has been very vulnerable to external shocks, such as the sharp decline following the 2008 financial crisis. The efficiency of the electronics, automobile, and machinery sectors is low and needs to be improved. In addition, the technological efficiency of large enterprises is higher than that of SMEs in most manufacturing sub-sectors except for non-ferrous metals. In the case of TFP, most changes are due to TC, and the effective combination of labor, capital and the effect of scale have little effect, suggesting that improvement of internal structure is urgent. In addition, volatility due to the impact of the financial crisis in 2008 was much larger in SMEs than in large companies, so external economic impacts are more greater for SMEs than large enterprises. The relationship between TFP decomposition factors and exports shows that TC has a positive effect only on exports of SMEs. Therefore, in order to increase exports, in the case of SMEs, R&D support to promote technological development is needed. In the case of large companies, it is necessary to establish differentiated strategies for each export market, competitor company, and item to link efficiency and scale effect of exports.

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A Study on the Effectiveness of e-Trade Marketing for Export Performance (전자무역 마케팅의 수출 성과에 대한 효과성 분석)

  • Kim, Hag-Min
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.3-26
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    • 2011
  • The objective of this study is to improve export performance using e-Trade marketing systems. The use of e-Trade has been increasing but there is some controversy about the performance of e-Trade marketing for Small-to-Medium enterprises (SME). The research construct for determining the export performance is suggested and five factors are introduced in this paper such as: B2B relationship and cooperation, product complexity, online fitness, level of internationalization, and use of e-Trade marketing. Sample data were collected from the companies who are familiar with the e-Trade systems. The result shows that the use of e-Trade marketing mostly contributes to the increase of export performance. The regression and cluster analysis shows that both variables of e-Trade marketing and on-line fitness are significant to high export performance group. The implication for SMEs is that the use of e-Trade marketing methods could contribute to the increase of export performance and more analytical works need to be made for future study.

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Trade Payable and Corporate Failure: Analysis of Trade Payable Impact according to Company Size through Survival Analysis (매입채무와 기업실패: 생존분석을 응용한 기업규모에 따른 매입채무 영향분석)

  • Kim, Bong-Min;Kim, So Ra
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.283-290
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    • 2021
  • Survival analysis was used to determine whether there are differences in the impact of trade payables on business failure according to the size of the company. A total of 41,781 firms from 1999 to 2019 were analyzed. The analysis period was divided into the entire period and before and after the financial crisis. The trade payable ratio is a proxy variable. The increase in trade payables over the entire period increases the possibility of business failure of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). However, in large firms, a significant relationship between the increase in the trade payable ratio and the possibility of corporate failure could not be confirmed. Second, in SMEs during the sub-periods of 1999-2007 and 2009-2019, it was found that an increase in trade payables acts as a factor that increases the possibility of corporate failure. However, in large corporations, the increase in trade payables in the period from 2009 to 2019 has been shown to reduce the rate of failure. An increase in trade payables is recognized as the active development of business activities or the active use of interest-free debt. Therefore, it was confirmed that the impact of trade payables on corporate failure differs depending on the size of the company.

A Study on the Utilization of the SaaS Model UPnP Network in e-Trade (전자무역의 SaaS모형 UPnP 네트워크 활용방안에 관한 연구)

  • Jeong, Boon-Do;Yun, Bong-Ju
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.563-582
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    • 2012
  • In this paper, UPnP Network SaaS model has been studied. Currently, this model of UPnP Network and the trade mission is being used by outsourcing. From now on, the introduction of new trading systems and existing systems and the commercialization of this model as a UPnP network service connection should work. The future of UPnP network SaaS model will become commercially available software, commercial software can be accessed remotely via the Internet should be. Customer site activities must be managed from a central location. Application software architecture, pricing, partnerships, management should not include the character models. N should be the model. When used in small and medium enterprises have a very high value.

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A Study on the Trade Area Analysis Model based on GIS - A Case of Huff probability model - (GIS 기반의 상권분석 모형 연구 - Huff 확률모형을 중심으로 -)

  • Son, Young-Gi;An, Sang-Hyun;Shin, Young-Chul
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.164-171
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    • 2007
  • This research used GIS spatial analysis model and Huff probability model and achieved trade area analysis of area center. we constructed basic maps that were surveyed according to types of business, number of households etc. using a land registration map of LMIS(Land Management Information System) in Bokdae-dong, Cheongju-si. Kernel density function and NNI(Nearest Neighbor Index) was used to estimate store distribution center area in neighborhood life zones. The center point of area and scale were estimated by means of the center area. Huff probability model was used in abstracting trade areas according to estimated center areas, those was drew map. Therefore, this study describes method that can apply in Huff probability model through kernel density function and NNI of GIS spatial analysis techniques. A trade area was abstracted more exactly by taking advantage of this method, which will can aid merchant for the foundation of small sized enterprises.

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Effect of Technology Commercialization Factors on Small and Medium Enterprises Performance (기술상용화 요인이 중소기업 성과에 미치는 영향)

  • Jo, Ki Dong;Kim, Jun Woo
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.12 no.9
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    • pp.83-92
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    • 2014
  • In 21st century, firms are to face mitigating trade barriers between countries as well as to survive among harsh business environment. Also this phenomenon is expanding and gradually faster because the global competition become to intensify and there are significant technology changes. Therefore, in this study, technology commercialization factors on the technological achievement and on the financial performance were investigated in the small and medium enterprises. Firstly, the study finds that technology commercialization factor such as financial resources, human resources, strategic factors corporate financial performance show statistically significant(+). Secondly, the technology commercialization factors such as financial resources, human factors on the technical achievements in the enterprises show statistically significant(+). That means the technology commercialization of factors such as the financial resources as well as the human resources affect the technical performance of the enterprises.

A Study on the Management Strategies of Korean Enterprises against the Factors of Locally Political Circumstance in Russia - Focusing on the Empirical Analysis of Structural Equation Modeling - (러시아 진출 한국기업의 현지 정치적 환경에 대응하는 경영전략에 관한 연구 - 구조 방정식 모형 분석을 중심으로 -)

  • Shin, Kwang-Ha;Park, Myung-Chan
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.111-133
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    • 2008
  • This study tries to analyze what the most significant factors are in Russia, where the Korean investing enterprises have to overcome and adapt to various difficulties, especially in terms of local circumstance politically. This main purpose of the research is to test empirically some relations between the managing strategy of Korean enterprises and the circumstance factors of politics in Russia while this is conducted in two stages. First, the research model is designed by reviewing relevant theories, previous studies, and the current investment conditions in local Russia. Second, the survey of Korean enterprises engaged in investment activities in there is done by collecting questionnaires from them with this survey. And the statistic method of structural equation modeling is used to testing some hypotheses. Explaining the analyzing tools, SPSS 12.0 for windows is being used for Correlation, Reliability, Validity and Multi regression and Finally the Path analysis is implemented by AMOS 7.0 for windows.

A comparative study between Korea and the USA on the development process in retail trade & its changing locations (소매업의 발달과정과 입지 변화에 관한 한.미 비교 연구)

  • Jeon, Kyung-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.21-40
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    • 2000
  • The retail trades in many countries have changed recently according to the high quality, diversification, and marked individuality of consumer needs. Under the continually competing system of the WTO agreement, corporations based in the USA and the EU try to raise their market share in other countries so it is inevitable for Korean retail enterprises to compete with them. This paper is aimed at contributing to the efficient growth for Korean retail trade from the analysis of the development process in retail trade and its changing locations comparing Korea and the USA. Retailers in the USA have practiced diversified marketing strategies considerably in order to survive in a rapidly changing retailing environment. American retailing, which has the most advanced marketing system in the world, has been of growing concern to marketing strategies in Korea. The following is a brief summary of this study. 1. Speedy and higher quality consumption is needed in accordance with the great increase in the single-family household and the female labor force participation both in Korea and in the USA. Senior citizens have become a new consumer group due to the aging population. In the future the retail trade will switch over to diversified retail formats and internet shopping as countries are transformed into information and communication societies. 2. In Korea, the former retail system characterized by markets and department stores has been greatly changed since the late 1980s with emphasis on high quality and convenience in consumption behaviors, with large domestic enterprises and foreign distribution corporations participating in Korean retailing. In the USA, retailing mergers and takeovers by major retails, bankruptcies, and extra-large shopping centers have emerged since the late 1980s. Recently, the USA retailing formats have been changed from the lower price-oriented discount types to the large scale theme parks. Much emphasis was put on entertainment, resorts, and convention centers. On the other hand, non-store types, such as the internet shopping, the CATV shopping, as well as catalog and mail-order sales are drastically increasing, although the proportion of their sales is low up to now. 3. In Korea, most of the retail facilities are concentrated in Seoul and the Metropolitan Region, and the distribution ratio of facilities came to 52% in 1997. The periodic markets, traditional markets which open on a periodic basis, are located mainly in Chollanam-do and Kyungsangbuk-do. The large-sized discount stores have expanded their locations to the over-crowded apartment complexes in new towns, located in the Metropolitan Region, and the large provincial cities, unlike the suburban locations in the USA. Therefore we needed to give attention to the locational relations in retail facilities between Seoul & the Metropolitan Region and rural settlement areas. In the USA, urban areas grew quickly with the development of the automobile in the 1920s, and the location of stores changed from a dispersed style centering around rural areas to a centralized one in urban areas. There is an accelerated growth for suburban areas, which have grown rapidly since 1950. As the membership warehouse clubs were introduced in the 1970s, the decentralization of location was more intensified. On the other hand, inner cities were revitalized by rearranging existing facilities to cope with suburban areas. And the location-free virtual retailing & TV shopping are also growing every year. 4. In view of the above, the continuous and desirable development devices in Korean retail trade are summarized as follows: First, the countermeasures against economies of scale, increase in retailing sales, and rise of a employment percentage in retailing are in need. Second, a scheme of lowering the proportion of food retail sales, and increasing a ratio of durable goods sales need to be worked out. Third, the original ideas are needed to apply positively information, communication and technology to retailing, to graft the traditional types on modem ones based on the social culture. Fourth, strategies are needed to strengthen the competitiveness of our retail trade through cooperation and chains of smaller retailers, the large enterprises participating in the distribution industry. Fifth, in order to realize the above, the retail industry, the administration, and the academic world should support the retail segment with concern and a practical strategy plan.

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