• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 1990

The acute and subacute toxicities and pharmacological actions of two preparations of Ssanghwa Tang prescriptions have been evaluated in mice, rats and rabbits. The two prescriptions were found to be safe drugs because those preparations exhibited almost no acute and subacute toxicities even at a high dosage level. The two prescriptions elicited CNS depressant activities characterized by potentiation of hexobarbital-induced narcosis, antipyretic activity in typhoid-vaccinated rabbits and a significant antifatigue effect against cold immobilized stress, the activities of prescription B being more potent.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.135-144
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• 1999

Environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants were evaluated by two selected bioassays, Lettuce seed germination/elongation test and Microtox acute toxicity test. Toxic chemicals (heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenolic compounds) inhibited the germination rate and root elongation of Lettuce seed, as well as the bioluminescence of Microtox bacteria. When test biota were exposed to target chemicals, the sensitivity of Lettuce bioassay was relatively lower than that of Microtox bioassay. However, Lettuce bioassay may be a good candidate for prescreening the environmental toxicities of priority water pollutants, since the testing method with Lettuce seed was relatively easier and more economic than with Microtox bacteria. Toxicity tests were conducted to compare the validity and sensitivity of both bioassays for sediment from a small stream passed through urban area as well as leachate from a municipal solid waste landfill. From experimental results, we found that Lettuce test and Microtox test are compensated each other as a battery of bioassay for evaluating the environmental toxicities of field samples obtained from a small stream contaminated by pollutants.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.123-143
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• 2005

Objective : This study was carried out to evaluate the liver toxicities of Wild Aconiti Tuber decoction. Methods : The amounts of aconitine in the methanol extract of Wild Aconiti Tuber was measured by HPLC. Safeties was studied by LD50 in mice. Liver toxicities were evaluated histologically and by CBC, blood chemistry after 2 weeks of 0.4g/kg/day clinical dosage oral administrations in rat. Results : 1. The amounts of aconitine in the methanol extract of Wild Aconiti Tuber is $1.697{\pm}0.052mg/g$. But aconitine was not detected in the water decoction of Wild Aconiti Tuber. 2. To evaluate LD50 and safeties of Wild Aconiti Tuber decoction, ICR mice were given high dose of 2, 5, 10g/kg for single time and were observed for 2 weeks. There were no dead animal and abnormal clinical sign and no abnormalities at the autopsy. So, LD50 was admitted to higher than 10g/kg. 3. After 2 weeks of 0.4g/kg/day clinical dosage oral administrations in rat, there was no significant change in the CBC and blood chemistry. 4. In the liver tissues of clinical dosage, mitotic figures, apoptosis and individual cell death were observed, but clear liver toxicities like fatty liver or necrosis were not observed. the liver tissues of high dose in mice, hydropic changes were getting severe as dose grows. Conclusions : According to the results, though aconitine was not detected in the Wild Aconiti Tuber decoction, 0.4g/kg/day 2 weeks p. o (clinical dosage) group showed weak changes in the liver tissues and high dose group showed liver toxicities like hydropic changes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4483-4486
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• 2014

Purpose: To assess chemoradiation related acute morbidity in women with carcinoma cervix and to find and correlation between hematologic toxicity and organ system specific damage. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out between August 2012 and July 2013 enrolling 79 women with cancer cervix receiving chemo-radiotherapy. Weekly assessment of acute morbidity was done using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) version 4 and the toxicities were graded. Results: Anemia [77 (97.5%)], vomiting [75 (94.8%)] and diarrhea [72 (91.1%)], leukopenia [11 (13.9%)], cystitis [28 (35.4%], dermatitis [19 (24.1%)] and fatigue [29 (36.71%)] were the acute toxicities noted. The toxicities were most severe in $3^{rd}$ and $5^{th}$ week. All women could complete radiotherapy except two due to causes unrelated to radiation morbidity; seven (8.86%) had to discontinue chemotherapy due to leukopenia and intractable diarrhea. Though there was no correlation between anemia and other toxicities, it was found that all with leukopenia had diarrhea. Conclusions: Chemoradiation for cancer cervix is on the whole well tolerated. Leukopenia and severe diarrhea were the acute toxicities that compelled discontinuation of chemotherapy in two women. Though anemia had no correlation with gastrointestinal toxicity, all of those with leukopenia had diarrhea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.203-215
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• 2010

This study is an overview of toxicities and measurement techniques of ultrafine particles (UFPs), and their exposure controls. UFPs are ubiquitous in many working situations. Exposure to UFPs is possibly causing adverse health symptoms including cardio-respiratory disease to humans. In order to measure exposure levels of airborne UFPs, there are current available measurement guidelines, instruments and other techniques (i.e. contour mapping, control banding). However, these risk assessment techniques including measurement techniques, controls and guidelines are dependent on background levels, metrics (e.g. size, mass, number, surface area, composition), environmental conditions and controls. There are no standardized measurement methods available and no generic and specific occupational exposure standards for UFPs. It is thought that there needs to be more effort to develop Regulations and Exposure Standards for generic UFPs should be based on more exposure data, health surveys, toxicological data and epidemiological data. A carefully considered hierarchy of controls can also reduce the maximum amount of airborne UFPs being emitted from diverse sources in industries.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2011

The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate a rapid bioluminescence bioassay for comparison of the toxicity of whole solids and the aqueous extracts of various environmental solid samples. With regard to the toxicities, those for the soil extracts were mostly found to be lower than those of whole soils, which may have been caused by un-extracted pollutants or dilution during the extraction process. Solid samples from dam-reservoir sediments and municipal refuses were also tested. The toxicities of the solid extracts (0-34%; refuses and sediments) were much lower than those of the whole solids (13-91%). The bioluminescence inhibition test indicated that the harmful effects of the contaminated solids samples were greater than those of the solid extracts.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.659-664
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• 2018

In this study, two essential oils (EOs) extracted from Aleriana fauriei and Alpinia galangal were formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a granule. In the evaluation of their acute toxicity on fishes, Cyprinus carpio adults were used and the toxicities were determined in a static condition. The formulations were prepared from the essential oil extracted by three different methods namely steam distillation (SD), solvent extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The acute toxicities were calculated using $LC_{50}$ values. Among EOs, only the EO extracted by solvent showed acute toxicities on carps. Some of the EC, EOs of Aleriana fauriei did not exhibit toxicity, while EOs from Alpinia galangal showed potent acute toxicities on carps. Among the granules, granules formulated with Aleriana fauriei EO extracted by SD method and Alpinia galangal EO extracted by SFE method showed acute toxicities on fishes. Nevertheless, $LC_{50}$ of ECs and granules formulated with all types of EOs in this study was higher than the fish toxicity level III for pesticides suggested by Korea Rural Development Administration. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 1A and glutathione S-transferase were confirmed as biomarkers in carps in response to the exposure to Alpinia galangal EO extracted by SD and SFE method, tracking Alpinia galangal EO in the aquatic environment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 1995

In order to figure out the relationships between structural features and biological activity of the host-specific HC-toxin in maize, structurally related cyclic tetrapeptides, chlamydocin and CYL-2 were isolated, and their biological activities in maize were examined. Biological activities of preparations were determined by root growth inhibition and electrolyte leakage bioassays. Chlamydocin and CYL-2 showed toxicities to maize. However, the toxicities of these compounds were non-specific. Thus, the precise peptide ring structure of HC-toxin apparently does not play an important role in toxicity, while resistance of maize to HC-toxin is based on a precise ring conformation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2003

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.259-271
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• 2005

Engineered nanoparticles exhibit a variety of unique and tunable chemical and physical properties. These unique properties make the nanoparticles central components and widespread potential applications in nanoindustry. However, the potential toxicities of nanoparticles have not been fully evaluated. Recently, the impacts of nanoparticles to human and environment became the emerging issue of toxicology. In this article, physicochemical properties and toxicities of carbon nanotube, fullerene, quantum dots, and other types of nanomaterials were reviewed and the strategy of risk assessment were suggested based on the frame of chemical assessment.