• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1138-1146
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• 2016

This study was performed to estimate daily intakes of aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle and evaluate their potential health risks for Koreans. Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated, whereas the actual level of aluminum in Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food consumption amount was drawn from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-1). In analysed samples, aluminum values ranged from 0.54~564.38 mg/kg in peeled Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle samples (n=53) and from 0.72~28.05 mg/kg in unpeeled ones (n=40). Statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was detected according to the type of skin. To estimate the dietary intake of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle, a total of 7,242 respondents (scenario I) were compared to 227 Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle consumption subjects (scenario II). Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated based on point estimates. Level of safety for aluminum was evaluated by comparison with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 1 mg/kg bw, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. For scenario I, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.001 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.033 mg/kg bw/d, and 95th percentile estimated daily intake was 0.610 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle had a mean weekly intake that was the 23.1% of PTWI.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2014

Purpose: Elevated serum phosphorus and potassium levels are a major problem for hemodialysis (HD) patients. Hyperphosphatemia and hyperkalemia are closely related to intake of dietary phosphorus and potassium. Methods: This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of food consumed on serum phosphorus and potassium levels in 48 HD patients (20 males and 28 females). We collected anthropometric data, biochemical parameters, and dietary data of the subjects. Dietary data for usual intake were obtained by use of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) consisting of 21 food items. Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) was $22.2{\pm}3.0kg/m^2$, mean serum phosphorus level was $4.50{\pm}1.52mg/dl$, and mean serum potassium level was $4.74{\pm}0.73mEq/l$. Hyperphosphatemia (> 4.5 mg/dl) was found in 45.8% of subjects, and hyperkalemia (> 5.0 mEq/l) in 35.4%. Subjects who took medication only were 56% of total, and those who took medication with dietary therapy were 27%. Patients with medication and dietary therapy showed significantly lower serum phosphorus levels compared to patients with medication only (p < 0.05). Mean duration of HD was $7.9{\pm}7.3$ years and it showed positive correlation with serum potassium levels (p < 0.05). Serum phosphorus levels showed positive correlation with intake of mixed grains and soybean milk (p < 0.05). Serum potassium levels showed positive correlation with intake of mixed grains (p < 0.01), potatoes, fish, and high-potassium vegetables (p < 0.05). On the other hand, intake of white rice showed negative correlation with serum potassium levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that intake of white rice rather than mixed grains is an important factor in sustaining normal serum phosphorus and potassium levels. In addition, limiting intake of soybean milk, potatoes, and fish to under three serving per week is recommended. Finally, conduct of a strict dietary therapy along with medical treatment is desirable because inappropriate food intake increases serum phosphorus and potassium levels to a higher than normal range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1398-1406
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of web-based nutrition counseling on nutrient intake and blood glucose in type ll diabetic Patients. Forty type II diabetic patients, twenty one of them were diabetic patients without complication (Ncx-DM) and nineteen of them were diabetic patients with complication (Cx-DM), participated in a web-based nutrition counseling program. At the first nutrition counseling, the patients were counselled through interview and then follow up nutrition counseling was accomplished four times during eight weeks through tile web-based internet program. Various markers of disease risk including anthropometric indices, nutrient intake and blood glucose were measured before and after the nutrition counseling. After the nutrition counseling, body mass index and waist circumference decreased in both group but did not change significantly. Fasting blood glucose significantly decreased from 153.9 mg/dL to 139.0 mg/dL (p<0.05) in NCX-DM and from 178.2 mg/dL to 128.5 mg/dL (p<0.01) in Cx-DM after the nutrition counseling. Glycosylated hemoglobin level decreased from $9.3\%$ to $8,7\%$ in Ncx-DM and significantly decreased from $9.7\%$ to $7.8\%$ (p<0.01) in Cx-DM after the nutrition counseling. In addition, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level significantly decreased in both group (P<0,05) after the nutrition counseling. Energy intake decreased significantly in Ncx-DM (P<0.05) and Cx-DM (p<0.01). Although the nutrient intake did not change significantly, the nutrient intake was improved after the nutrition counseling. Therefore, this study shows that the web-based nutrition counseling is effective in improving energy and nutrient intake and influences positively in blood glucose and serum lipids of the patients. In addition, these results indicate that the internet presents us with potential as a new medium for nutrition counseling in informationized society.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1970

There are 19 species of bamboo in Korea, among which few are of commercial value. The Phyllostachys has wide range of utilization, for sea weed production, industrial production of various bamboo wares, etc. The total export from Chenla-Namdo to some more than ten countries was recorded 204,000,000 won worth in 1969. As civilization develops so does the techniques of bamboo works, and they in turn accelerate the demand for bamboo wood of better quality. In the light of this trend, the author attempted to make bamboo plants to develope a quadragular culm with elaborate design as disired instead of the original round one, with the expectation that it might be widely welcomed by hand workers, interior decorators. Here are some facts found out in this experiment: 1). The greater the diameter of the shoot at the eye level was, the better result was brought, and as shown in Fig. 5 the rate of success was 72% with the shoots of 7.5 cm thick. 2). The shoots of 30 cm in length showed 100% of success, developing into a desired quadrangular culms without fail(See Fig. 6). 3). The intensity of wood fiber increased as time lapsed, without receiving any influence by the weather (See Fig. 7, 8). 4). During the growing, the culm proved to be flexible enough to bend up to 90 degree (See Fig. 9). 5). In an attempt to promote the value of bamboo by decoration, the author tried to impress rectangular indents on the culm. The indention using a qudangular board 1cm smaller in width than the shoot diameter gave 100% success (See Fig. 10). 6). Design experiment was also successful both in coloration and impressing and the resulting designs delicately depended on the kinds of chemicals used and their combination (Table 2) (See Fig. 12, 13, 14). With the above mentioned findings, the author concludes that the mass production of quadrangular bamboo culm is quite a promissing as an new industry to develope bamboo works to a more valuable one. This research was carried out with the research fund provided by the Ministry of Education in 1969.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2012

Lysine is the first limiting essential amino acid in cereals for humans and monogastric animals, although its content is generally low. A chemically induced high-lysine barley mutant, M98, has an agronomically undesirable shrunken endosperm trait. In order to obtain detailed insight into the atypical traits of M98 grains, we characterized amino acid composition and protein profiles of M98 and its parent cultivar Chalssalbori. Among a total of 16 amino acids, the percentage of each of the 7 amino acids, including lysine, was 1.2~1.8 times higher in M98, comparing to Chalssalbori. The percentage of proline and its precursor, glutamic acid, in M98 was about the half of that of the amino acids in Chalssalbori, but arginine synthesized from glutamic acid was 1.8 times higher in M98, compared that in the parent cultivar. Theses results indicated that the mutation in M98 grains might alter the proportion of amino acids linked to each other in a biosynthetic pathway. A comparison of grain proteome profiles between Chalssalbori and M98 revealed 70 differentially expressed protein spots, where 45 protein spots were up-regulated and 25 protein spots down-regulated in M98 compared to those in Chalssalbori. Of these changed protein spots, 53 were identified using nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Most of these identified proteins were involved in various biological processes. In particular, 28 protein spots such as ${\beta}$-amylase, serpins and B3-hordein were identified as proteins associated with the atypical traits of M98. It was thought that a genetic study on the unique protein profile of M98 would be needed to develop an agronomically feasible barley cultivar with high-lysine trait.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three strains of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) supplemented to diets on egg production, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol levels, the profile of cecal microflora, and tibia characteristics in laying hens. One hundred sixty 76-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). Birds in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet. The remaining three treated groups were fed the control diet containing either 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 (T1), 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 + B. subtilis W1 (T2) or 0.05% B. subtilis commercial product (T3) for 6 weeks, respectively. There were no differences in feed intake, egg weight, egg production and egg mass among the groups. The dietary supplementation of B. subtilis improved eggshell strength and Haugh units compared to those of control (P<0.05). The activities of GOT and GPT in serum were not also affected by the dietary treatments. The population of total microbes and lactic acid bacteria in cecum were significantly increased by the dietary B. subtilis (P<0.05), but not the coliforms. The cholesterol concentration in egg yolk and serum in the treated groups were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). Also, The levels of phospholipids in serum were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). The supplementation of three strains of B. subtilis to diets significantly increased the contents of tibia ash compared to that of control (P<0.05). Thus, this study showed significant improvements in egg quality, such as eggshell strength and Haugh unit, by dietary B. subtilis strains. The B. subtilis strains added to the diets modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting beneficial effects in laying hens.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the variations of physico-chemical properties during the swine manure composting, sawdust as the bulking agent was composted at different points (Top layer, Side of middle layer, Bottom layer). Air suction system with constant bottom aeration in bench scale reactors (30 L). The highest temperature was reached in the range of $58^{\circ}C$ to $62^{\circ}C$ on $3^{rd}$ day and this thermophilic phase (> $50^{\circ}C$) was continued for 3 days in all the treatment mixtures. However, the temperature was gradually decreased to room temperature at the end of 60 day composting process. Except control, the discharged ammonia ($NH_3$) was a maximum in the treatment order of Top layer>Bottom layer>Side of middle layer as 500 ppm, 162 ppm and 120 ppm, respectively, on the $4^{th}$ day and showing that Top layer point Air suction produce much more ammonia content than the other point. During the composting process, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was gradually increased due to the mass loss in the composting mixtures. At the same time, C/N ratio was decreased to Top layer, 13; Side of middle layer, 12 and Bottom layer, 13 at Air suction points. The significant reduction of C/N ratio in all different air suction system when manure was matured. The $NH_4-N$ to $NO_3-N$ ratio was recorded as 10.52 at the initial stage of the compost mixtures and reduced to 0.97 (Top layer), 0.70 (Side of middle layer), 3.2 (Bottom layer) because of manure decomposition. The overall results revealed that Top layer and Side of middle layer Air suction is a suitable option when compared other point for high quality composts.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2017

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of air suction rate (SR) during the composting process of swine manure mixed with sawdust used as a bulking agent. In the 25 L composting reactors, the suction rate (SR) was at four different treatment levels (100%, 200%, 300%, 400%), and were fixed on the based on constant aeration rate into the composting mixtures. The temperature reached to thermophilic phase within 2 days and it was maintained up to the $5^{th}$ day of the composting process in all reactors and then gradually decreased to room temperature at the end of the composting process. The moisture content (MC, %) of the initial mixtures was 64.27%, and it was reduced to 38.4, 33.08, 14.59 and 11.93 in the different suction rate of 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, respectively in the end process. During the composting, the level of pH was increased from 6.83 to 8.67 and it gradually decreased to 7.56 in 100% and 200%(SR). At the same time, the pH values were reduced only up to 8.19 at 300%, and 8.08 at 400%(SR), showing that suction strengths of 100% and 200% were the better option for composting than those of 300% and 400%. The total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of initial composts mixtures was 2.3% and were changed in 3.3, 3.1, 2.5, and 2.3% at the end of the composting period from the 100%-400% (SR) variations respectively. These results also indicated that 100% and 200% (SR) were more affected by the dry mass loss as $CO_2$ and water evaporation. The initial value of C/N ratio was 25.17 and were significantly reduced to 11.88, 11.97, 14.31, and 14.72 at the end of the experiment, respectively from the 100%-400% (SR) variations. These results suggest that the suction rate (SR) of 100% and 200% relative to constant air supply would be the optimal conditions to produce high-quality compost.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.649-654
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• 2007

Purpose : The objective of this study was to clarify the presentation, associated preceding illness, pathologic organisms, treatment and outcome of deep neck abscess in children according to age and location. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the in-patient charts of children treated at our hospital for deep neck abscess. Thirty-five such patients were identified as having been treated from March 1990 to December 2005. Results : A total of 35 were enrolled in our study: 25 boys and 10 girls. Their ages ranged from 11 months to 15 years. Presenting symptoms included mass, fever, irritability, trismus and dysphagia. The most commonly known associated preceding illness was viral upper respiratory infection (53%). The most common site of infection was the submandibular space (37%). Bacteria was identified in 16 patients. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. Thirteen (37%) children recovered from the infection with conservative treatment and twenty-four (68%) children received surgical drainage. The duration of hospitalization was longer in the group who underwent surgery than in the group who were managed with conservative treatment. No complication occurred. Conclusion : Unexplained torticollis, trismus or irritability in children were suggestive of deep neck abscess. Our results demonstrate that deep neck abscesses in children is respond well to conservative treatment if diagnosed early.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 1987

We investigated the binding properties of $(^3H)$ QNB and $(^3H)$ NMS to mAchR to elucidate the characterstics of mAchR in rat brain by using two different preparations (homogemates & intact brain cell aggregates). The binding properties of both ligands demonstrated high affinity and saturability in both experiments, however $(^3H)$ QNB showed a significantly higher maximal binding capacity than tha ot $(^3H)$ NMS 1. In rat brain homogenates; Displacement of both lignands with several mAchR antagonists resulted in competition curves in accoradnce with the law of massaction for QNB, atropine & scopolamine in thie preparation, also a similar profile was found for the quaternary ammonium analogs of atropine & scopolamine (methyl atropine & methylscopolamine) when $(^3H)$ NMS was used to label the receptors in rat brain. But when these hydrophillic antagonists were used to displace $(^3H)$ QNB, they showed interaction with high- and low-affinity binding sites in brain homogenates. Pirenzepine, the nonclassical mAchR antagonist, was able to displace both ligands from binding sites in this preparation. 2. In intact rat brain cell aggregates; Intact bain cell aggregates were used to elucidate the binding characteristics of $(^3H)$ NMS to mAchR in rat. The magnitude of binding of this ligand was related linearly to the amount of cell protein in the binding assay with a high ratio of total to nonspecific binding. mAchR antagonists displaced specific $(^3H)$ NMS binding according to the law of mass-action, while it was possible to resolve displacement curves using mAchR agonist into high-& low-affinity component. 3. Our results indicate that more hydrophilic receptor ligand $(^3H)$ QNB, displacement experiments in both tissues demonstrated that the lipid solubility of a particulr mAchR ligand might play an important role in determining its profile of binding to the mAchR, and the concentrations of mAchR in rat brain are both on the cell surface (membrane-bound receptor) and in the intracelluar membrane (intermembrane-bound receptor). 4. The results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of dissociated intact rat brain cells in studying mAchR in central nervous system.