• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 2001

In this Study, application of ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 oxidation System (Fenton-like oxidation) for the oxidative treatment of high-level soil contamination with hydrocarbon was suggested. The characteristics of Fenton-like oxidation of diesel-contaminated fine soil was experimentally probed in a batch system varying initial pH, zero valent iron and hydrogen peroxide levels, and initial diesel concentration. Contaminant degradation was identified by total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) concentration with gas chromatography. The batch experiments showed that the optimal ${H_2}{O_2}$and $Fe^0 dosage, 10% ${H_2}{O_2}$+ 20% $Fe^0 removed 65% of initial TPH concentration (10,000mg/kg) at a retention time of 24h. And the TPH removal in the ${H_2}{O_2}$/$Fe^0 system effectively proceeded only within a limited pH range of 3-4. The zero valent iron-catalyzed Fenton-like oxidation of diesel-contaminated soil was more competitive to the $FeSO_4-catalyzed system (Fenton oxidation) in removal efficiency and cost especially for the treatment of high level contamination.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2009

We evaluated the activity and abundance of the crude-oil-degrading bacterium Nocardia sp. H17-1 during bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil, using real-time PCR. The total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) degradation rate constants(k) of the soils treated with and without H17-1 were $0.103\;d^{-1}$ and $0.028\;d^{-1}$ respectively. The degradation rate constant was 3.6 times higher in the soil with H17-1 than in the soil without H17-1. In order to detect and quantify the Nocardia sp. H17-1 in soil samples, we quantified the genes encoding 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA), alkane monooxygenase(alkB4), and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase(23CAT) with real-time PCR using SYBR green. The amounts of H17-1 16S rRNA and alkB4 detected increased rapidly up to 1,000-folds for the first 10 days, and then continued to increase only slightly or leveled off. However, the abundance of the 23CAT gene detected in H17-1-treated soil, where H17-1 had neither the 23CAT gene for the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons nor the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity, did not differ significantly from that of the untreated soil($\alpha$=0.05,p>0.22). These results indicated that H17-1 is a potential candidate for the bioaugmentation of alkane-contaminated soil. Overall, we evaluated the abundance and metabolic activity of the bioremediation strain H17-1 using real-time PCR, independent of cultivation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.479-484
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• 2008

The application of microwave technology has been investigated in the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil. The paper deals with economic assessment by means of cost analysis and degradation characteristics at different microwave powers for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in diesel contaminated soils. The soils from S Mountain around the D University were sampled. The samples were screened with 2.0 mm mesh and dried for 6 hours before the diesel was added into the dried soils. The diesel-contaminated soil (3,300 mg THP/kg soil) was prepared with diesel (S Co.). The drying process was carried out in a microwave oven, a standard household appliance with a 2,450 MHz frequency and 700 W of power. The experiments were conducted from 0 to 20 minutes as the microwave powers increased from 350W to 500W to 700W. The concentrations of TPH were analysed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The initial concentration of TPH was 3,300 mg TPH/kg soil. The weight of contaminated soil was 200g. The concentration of TPH was decreased to 1,828 mg TPH/kg soil (44.7%), 1,347 mg TPH/kg soil (59.2%) and 1,014 mg TPH/kg soil (69.3%) at 350W, 500W and 700W for 15 minutes respectively. In addition, the curve was best fit with first order kinetics using the least-square method. The ranges of a first order rate constant k and r-square were $0.0298{\sim}0.0375min^{-1}$ and $0.9373{\sim}0.9541$ respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.458-464
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• 2015

Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal and temperature variations in bunker fuel oil C contaminated soil were investigated by using microwave radiation in the presence of triiron oxide or activated carbon as a heating element. Temperature increments of $1.4{\sim}1.6^{\circ}C/Watt$ were observed, when 100~500 watt of microwave radiation was applied for the contaminated soil in the presence of triiron oxide or activated carbon. Temperature variation of the soil was more rapid in the presence of triiron oxide than activated carbon. 10% or 25% of heating element content was required to reach the temperature of thermal desorption for triiron oxide and activated carbon respectively. After radiation, 44.1% and 89.4% of initial TPH in soil was removed in the presence of triiron oxide and activated carbon respectively. It was observed that activated carbon was more reactive than triiron oxide for the removal of high molecular carbon of bunker fuel oil C.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.776-780
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• 2013

TPH degrdation patterns in diesel contaminated soil was investigated with microwave radiation. When microwave radiation on the soil was applied, temperature increment of the aridic soil was quite low, but temperature in the moist soil was dramatically increased even if short period of running time. Up to 20% of the moisture content, the higher moisture content has more increment of temperature, whereas over 20% of the moisture content, temperature in the soil was rather decreased. when 100~700 W power of microwave radiation was applied into the contaminated soil, a lot of TPH removals was observed under 300 W, but negligible increment of TPH removal was detected over 300 W. 60% of TPH removal was achieved with initial 20% moisture content and microwave radiation. Additional 25% removal was accomplished when moisture content was kept constant during radiation period. It indicated that maintaining of constant moisture is an important factor for TPH removal with microwave radiation because moisture and temperature in the soil are decreased with reaction time.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

In this study, a series of experiments were carried out to remove total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) and toluene by soil flushing. In batch experiments, Triton X-100 and SWA 1503 showed TPH removal efficiency of 79.0% and 69.0%, respectively. Although the TPH removal efficiency increased as the surfactant was increased in the concentration range 1-11mmol/L, the optimum concentration was 1mmol/L, considering the ratio of the removal efficiency to the amount of surfactant injected. In column experiment, the optimal velocity was 0.3mL/min. The physical aquifer model(PAM) result revealed that the soil flushing removed as much as 5.5% of the toluene under 3 pore volume(PV) conditions. To improve the soil flushing efficiency, it is necessary to find optimal condition through recirculation or reuse of surfactant.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.26-36
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• 2018

Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a mixture of various oil substances composed of alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, etc.). In this study, we investigated 92 groundwater wells around 36 gas stations to evaluate distribution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons. Groundwater in the wells was sampled and monitored twice a year. The fraction analysis method of TPH was developed based on TNRCC 1006. The test results indicated aliphatic and aromatic fractions accounted for 28.6 and 73.8%, respectively. The detection frequencies of TPH in the monitoring wells ranged in 21.6 - 24.2%. The average concentration of TPH was 0.11 mg/L with the concentration range of 0.25~0.99 mg/L. In the result of TPH fraction analysis, in aliphatic fractions were 19% (C6-C8 : 0.2%, C8-C10 : 0.4%, C10-C12 : 0.4%, C12-C16 : 0.5%, C16-C22 : 1.0%, C22-C36 : 16.6%), and aromatic fractions were 81% (C6-C8 : 1.1%, C8-C10 : 0%, C10-C12 : 2.9%, C12-C16 : 0.3%, C16-C22 : 4%, C22-C36 : 66.8%). Fractions of C22-C36 were detected in about 83% of the monitoring wells, suggesting non-degradable characteristics of hydrocarbons with high carbon content.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 1997

Naturally-occurring iron minerals, goethite and magnetite, were used to catalyze hydrogen peroxide and initiate Fenton-like oxidation of silica sand contaminated with diesel, kerosene in batch systems. Reaction conditions were investigated by varying H$_2$0$_2$concentration(0%, 1%, 15%), initial contaminant concentration(0.2, 0.5, 1.0g diesel and kerosene/kg soil), and iron minerals(1, 5wt% magnetite or goethite). Contaminant degradations in silica sand-iron mineral-$H_2O$$_2$ systems were identified by determining total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) concentration. In case of silica sand contaminated with diesel(1g contaminan/kg soil with 5wt% magnetite) addition of 0%, 1%, 15% of $H_2O$$_2$showed 0%, 25%, and 60% of TPH reduction in 8 days, respectively When the mineral contents were varied from 1 to 5wt%, removal of contaminants increased by 16% for magnetite and 13.1% for goethite. The results from system contaminated by kerosene were similar to those of the diesel. Reaction of magnetite system was more aggressive than that of goethite system due to dissolution of iron and presence of iron(II) and iron(III); however, dissolved iron precipitated on the surface of iron mineral and seemed to cause reducing electron transfer activity on the surface and quenching $H_2$$O_2$. The system used goethite has better treatment efficiency due to less $H_2$$O_2$ consumption. Results of this study showed possible application of catalyzed $H_2$$O_2$ system to petroleum contaminated site without addition of iron source since natural soils generally contain iron minerals such as magnetite and goethite.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.885-893
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• 2014

This research reports the enhanced Electrokinetic (EK) with $H_2O_2$ and sodium dodecyl surfate (SDS), which are commonly used in Fenton oxidation and soil flushing method, in order to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) simultaneously. In addition, influences of property of soil and concentration of chemical solution were investigated through experiments of different types of soils and varying concentration of chemical reagents. The results indicated, in the experiments using artificially contaminated soil, the highest removal efficiency of heavy metals using 10% $H_2O_2$ and 20mM SDS as electrolytes. However, in the experiments using Yong-San soils (study area), remediation efficiency of heavy metals was decreased because high acid buffering capacity. Through experiment of 20% $H_2O_2$ and 40mM SDS, increased electric current influences the remediation of heavy metals due to decrease in the soil pH. In the experiments of Yong-San soils, the remediation efficiency of TPH was decreased compared with artificially spiked soils because high acid buffering capacity and organic carbon contents. Furthermore, the scavenger effect of SDS influenced TPH oxidation efficiency under the conditions of injected 40mM SDS in the soils. Therefore, the property of soil and concentration of chemical reagents cause the electroosmotic flow, soil pH, remediation efficiency of heavy metals and TPH.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.47-51
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• 2015

Biocatalytic degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in contaminated soil by hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide is an effective soil remediation method. This study used a laboratory soil reactor experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of a nonspecific biocatalytic reaction with hemoglobin and H₂O₂ for treating TPH-contaminated soil. We also quantified changes in the soil microbial community using real-time PCR analysis during the experimental treatment. The results show that the measured rate constant for the reaction with added hemoglobin was 0.051/day, about 3.5 times higher than the constant for the reaction with only H₂O₂ (0.014/day). After four weeks of treatment, 76% of the initial soil TPH concentration was removed with hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide treatment. The removal of initial soil TPH concentration was 26% when only hydrogen peroxide was used. The soil microbial community, based on 16S rRNA gene copy number, was higher (7.1 × 10⁶ copy number/g of bacteria, and 7.4 × 10⁵ copy number/g of Archaea, respectively) in the hemoglobin catalyzed treatment. Our results show that TPH treatment in contaminated soil using hemoglobin catalyzed oxidation led to the enhanced removal effectiveness and was non-toxic to the native soil microbial community in the initial soil.