• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

In this study, the energy consumption of the typical floor was compared by the total energy comsumption of the building in highrise building. In gerneral, many researchers are studying on the typical floor in highrise buildings for avoiding complexity in energy simulation. But few papers are studied on energy consumption along the floors. In the model bulding, the energy consumption data were acquired by BEMS system in 2011. According the data, the total net energy consumption was $193.99kWh/m^2$ for all area and the total net energy consumption was $247.61kWh/m^2$ for HVACR area. The total electricity and gas energy are used 47.7% for heating and cooling, 33.5% for lighting and plug, 12.9% for conveyance power and 5.9% for restaurant. In comparison of only ground floor, amount of energy consumption in the lobby is 10%, and 90% of total energy consumption is used in the typical floor. For this result, energy simulation on the typical floor is acceptable for calculating the total energy consumption in the highrise building.

• Architectural research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.95-99
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• 2017

Recently, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore carbon emission implication of building operations due to the significant rate of energy usage in buildings. In the building sector, our normal expectation implies that large building floor area induces more greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. In this research, the correlation between building total floor areas and GHG emission was explored by simple linear regression and analyzing the yielded residuals for confirming this seemingly obvious conjecture. By looking at the generated regression lines drawn based on the data sets representing public facilities in Ontario, Canada, we were able to confirm that carbon emission rate shows a proportional increase or decrease depending on the total floor area of buildings as has been implied as a conjecture. Some buildings were found to emit significantly large and small amount of GHG, and we addressed potential reasons why those buildings show the deviation from the confirmed proportional interrelation between a building's total floor area and the amount of GHG emission.

• Solar Energy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 1984

A computer code for an optimum design of solar space and domestic hot water heating system has been developed. The f-chart method developed by S.A. Klein et al. has been incorporated in the present computer code. The main conclusions obtained from the present work may be summarized as follows: (1) In Seoul area, about 46% of the total heating load can be obtained from the solar collectors whose total surface area is about one-third of the total heating floor area. (2) In Pusan area, total area of solar collectors should be about half of the total heating floor area in order to obtain an equivalent solar fraction of Seoul. (3) In cheju area, on the other hand, only about 42% of the total heating floor area of solar collectors is needed to get the same solar fraction as in Seoul and Pusan. (4) In order to get the first 50% solar fraction, only about 10-14 collectors ($4'{\times}8'$ collectors) are required, whereas about 48 collectors are needed to obtain the solar fraction of 100%. That is, roughly 3.5-4.5 times greater number of collectors are required to increase the solar fraction from 50% to 100%. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is relatively inefficient and less economical to build a solar system whose solar fraction exceeds more than 50%.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2008

This study is the architectural planning of 5 distribution supporting facilities for traditional herbal medicine cultivated in the rural areas. The main function of the facility consists of storage, pre-treatment/processing, loading/unloading and the assistant function consists of inspection, office, exhibition/sale, technical equipment etc. The planning shows the modular plan and the section plan of the storage space reflecting the shape and size of storage container, the action radius of carrier and the possibilities of space lease. The total floor area of the storage is 3,192$m^2$ consisting of 27 space. The total floor area of the pre-treatment/processing is 1,488$m^2$ consisting of 7 space. The total floor area of the loading/unloading is 329$m^2$ consisting of 4 space. The total floor area of each facility storage is 8,284$m^2$ including of public space 2,170$m^2$. Also this planning shows the preliminary design, "fundamental model design" for 5 rural government BTL project. Therefore, this result of planning will be the guidelines of the RFP(Request For Proposal) for the private sector company interested in this BTL project.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

In regards to museum planning of Korea, it is mainly depending on overseas cases and relevant domestic books without systematic guideline on the space programme in a museum. Therefore, it is urgently required to establish systematic index as it is incapable of proposing detailed analysis and index in accordance with each element. As various problems occurred due to above reason, total floor area of museum was divided by the area of exhibition section, storage section, research section, and public & other area and its ratio was calculated for statistics targeting 614 museums built after 1990's when many public museums were built with the settlement of local self-governing system and the type of museums was diversified. It was again classified into 4 elements of period, region, scale, and type and then the influence of each element on each section of museum was understood through integrated analysis. First, looking into the space programme in regards to total floor area, the floor area ratio of exhibition section, storage section, and research section decreased and the floor area ratio of public & other area increased with the increase in total floor area. It was because not only rest area but also a space to enjoy various cultures, gaining new experience, and accumulate knowledge is located in public & other area. Second, it was revealed that the ratio of exhibition section and storage section has been decreasing since 1990's and ratio of research section and public & other area has been increasing as they can play various roles such as the education and convenience to satisfy cultural desires of visitor in accordance with current trend. Third, it was proved that floor area ratio of exhibition section is lower than storage section in museums located in highly urbanized region. In addition to this, it was revealed that the floor area ratio of research section is in proportion to the population density. As a result of study, significant relation was displayed in scale, era, and region among 4 elements thus it could be utilized as reference for the space programme of domestic museum planning in the future.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to suggest an analysis model finding the relationship between building scale characteristics of Public-use facilities and infectious disease outbreaks around senior leisure welfare facilities and the features and their scopes where quarantine resources are to be concentrated. Methods: Reviewing previous studies found the user characteristics of senior leisure welfare facilities and scale characteristics of urban architectures. The data preprocessing was performed after collecting building data and infectious disease outbreak data in the analysis area. This study derived data for attributes of building size and frequency of infectious disease outbreaks in Public-use facilities around senior leisure welfare facilities. A computing algorithm was implemented to analyze the correlation between the building size characteristics and the infectious disease outbreak frequency as per the change of the spatial scope. Results: The results of this study are as follows: First, the suggested model was to analyze the correlation between the infection frequency and the number of senior leisure welfare facilities, the number of Public-use facilities, building area, total floor area, site area, height, building-to-land ratio, and floor area ratio varied as per the change of spatial scope. Second, correlation results varied between the infection frequency and the number of senior leisure welfare facilities, the number of Public-use facilities, building area, total floor area, site area, height, building-to-land ratio, and floor area ratio. Third, a negative correlation appeared in the analysis between the number of senior leisure welfare facilities and infection frequency. And positive correlations appeared noticeably in the study between the number of Public-use facilities, building area, total floor area, height, building-to-land ratio, and floor area ratio. Implications: This study can be used as primary data on the utilization of limited quarantine resources by analyzing the relationship between the Public-use facilities around the senior leisure welfare facilities and the spread of infectious diseases. In addition, it suggests that infectious disease prevention measures are necessary considering the spatial scope of the analysis area and the size of buildings.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2019

Purpose: Regional public hospitals have implemented functional reinforcement projects, and the facilities to accommodate them have increased in size. Nevertheless users in hospital are concerned about space shortage and area imbalances. Therefore I will trace the factors and trends that influence the size, and derive the relationship between these and the uses' critical opinion. Methods: Among the indicators for determining the size of medical facilities, the number of beds and total floor area are the essential indicators that directly affect the composition of space and allocation of area inside the medical facility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change and the factors of change on the these two indicators in regional public hospitals and analyze the trend of changes. Results: In accordance with support undertaking, regional public hospitals have been increased the number of chronic-based beds and expanded additional facilities such as O.P.D specialized centers, emergency centers and funeral homes for reflecting the needs of the regions and times. However, as a result of analyzing the area, regional public hospitals are growing in size mainly on the ward and O.P.D is only expanded the scope of functional reinforcement division but total area level of O.P.D is lower than the recent level. In addition, the levels of D&T, Supply, mechanical/electrical equipment area related to medical support and control environment quality are very low. This is because the functional reinforcement projects have been done without concerning diagnose the whole facility. Implications: If functional reinforcement projects are conducted, to cope with problems of space shortage and imbalance of area, it is judged that an architectural planning that comprehensively analyzes existing facilities and related departments should be included.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.140-147
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• 2016

This research aims to establish the size standard of university library's user space, and present the standard and method to calculate total area required in the planning of new building construction and remodeling. Nine university libraries newly constructed or remodeled since 2000 were selected among the libraries of large scale universities with more than 10,000 enrolled students as the target libraries in this research. The target libraries were classified into A group (five cases partially remodeled) and B group (four cases newly constructed or fully remodeled) on the basis of the change of times. A university library can be divided into three spaces (user space, administration space and public space). This research classified the reading room in the user space into bookshelf zone, reading zone, information/office zone and hall/other zone, and analyzed area ratio according to each zone. B group's bookshelf zone decreased 12% more than A group, and B group's reading zone increased 10% more than A group. However, there was no big change in the area ratio of information/office zone and hall/other zone. This can be interpreted that university library changes from book and archive preservation-oriented space to user-oriented space. This research presented a proper reading room area calculation method, based on the capacity of books, by reflecting such a change. Each zone's standard was set up through classification of domestic and international standards, based on which, the calculation method of university library's total floor area required was presented. The reason why there was difference in university library's total floor area required according to domestic standard and international standard was that the number of enrolled students per seat in the reading room was different. The area calculation methods presented in this research can be utilized as useful data upon planning university library construction or remodeling.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2024

Purpose: The planning of medical facilities involves formulating a comprehensive medical basic plan, translating it into spatial dimensions through a space program. Feasibility assessment often relies on empirical methods like floor area per bed. However, with the shift towards specialized medical concepts, proportional scaling to bed numbers is challenging. This study proposes scale planning improvements during the feasibility assessment stage for comprehensive hospitals, analyzing cases using area determination factors and standard areas based on medical resources. Methods: The Korean Development Institute's Public Investment Management Center (KDI) identified issues in the scale determination of medical facilities in the Preliminary Feasibility Study Guidelines and investigated alternative approaches for determining the scale of a case that passed the preliminary feasibility study in 2019. The study assessed the feasibility of applying individual factors to determine not only the number of beds but also the scale at the sector and department levels. Additionally, a statistical analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between the total number of beds and various area determination factors. Results: Results suggest a strong correlation between total beds and major equipment needs, but in hospitals with <500 beds, this correlation weakens. Ward section scale is better calculated per ward type, not just total beds. Outpatient department scale depends on specialists, influencing treatment room numbers. Medical personnel play a crucial role in determining the scale of sections like rehabilitation therapy rooms, operating rooms, dialysis rooms, and overall facility scale.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 2014

The urban development, resulting from the economic growth that initiated in the 1960s, focused on outward expansion until the 1980s. However, beginning in the early 1990s, there has been a steady increase in the attention paid to the qualitative aspects of life. With increased income and awareness of quality life, citizens today demand for various good quality services. For them, urban public facilities are an important part of community life because the facilities have effect on their psychological comfort or satisfaction with residential area. Nevertheless, in reality, due to the lack of society's awareness of the importance and necessity of public facilities, not enough investment is being made in public facilities, failing to meet the growing demand for the facilities. This study examined the public facilities of provincial cities with focus on the number and total area size of the facilities, then compared and analyzed the facilities in terms of number and total area size. It is hoped that the findings from the study will encourage policy makers to increase support for public facilities, contributing to achieving the sustainable growth of cities.