• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.47-58
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• 2023

This study was conducted through reviewing Aspects of Design and Construction in Entrance Space of the World Heritage Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, which is equipped with parking lots, ticket offices, toilets, exhibition halls, information boards, and rest facilities for the convenience of visitors and the purpose of this study was to propose a direction for improvement. The results of the study are as follows: First, the reduced area of Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty was unable to fully accommodate the ritual movement line, and as a result, the location of the entrance space in the current royal tomb was decided to accommodate minimal convenience functions. In the meantime, the entrance space of the royal tombs has been relocated or renovated in order to achieve its integrity as a World Heritage Site, rational arrangement of movement lines and spatial utility. Second, the size of the entrance space ranges from 1,000 square meters in Jeongneung in Seoul to 16,000 square meters in Hongyuneung in Namyangju, and the number of annual users varies greatly from 12,000 in Onneung in Yangju to 410,000 in Seonjeongneung in Seoul. Considering the conditions of the 16 royal tombs, the entrance space should be provided at an appropriate scale, reflecting the surrounding land use and accessibility that affect the influx of users, the size of the site, and the king's awareness and preferences. Third, the location of the parking lot, the presence or absence of an outer courtyard and an internal courtyard bordering the ticket and check offices, and the location of the Historical and Cultural Museum made it possible to know the aspects of entrance space of the Joseon Royal Tombs, where the spatial configuration is determined Fourth, according to the royal tombs, it was found that the entrance space should have essential parking, access control, information, and convenience functions, and that support, exhibition, passage, and recess functions should be optional. At this time, the management office and the Historical and Cultural Center are in charge of support and exhibition functions. The function of passage can be a strategy that provides a sense of entry and the function of recess which has been introduced in only four royal tombs requires an appropriate location and landscape access.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.53-68
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• 2019

Two lime-soil mixture barrier tombs were excavated from the tomb complex of the Woo Family of the Danyang Wu clan dating to the Joseon dynasty in Godeung-dong, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do. Relevant records offer information for more precisely dating these tombs and identifying their occupants. Tomb No. 4, in which a married couple was interred, has a corbeled square ceiling and inscriptions and paintings on its outer walls. The conservation treatment and an infrared inspection revealed that they were intended to express mourning. Tomb No. 6 has a corbeled rectangular ceiling and a single individual interred within. As the basic structure of the tomb was partially damaged in the process of disassembling it while moving the burial site, it was planned to exhibit the tomb outdoors after the remains and relics are collected. However, as the conservation treatment revealed the presence of funeral fans and pitch, and since the remaining structure clearly demonstrates the features of lime-soil mixture barrier tombs from the Joseon dynasty, the plan was changed following a meeting of an advisory council that decided in favor of presenting the tomb indoors. According to the analysis, the pitch is assumed to be resin of a rather low purity due to the immixture of foreign substances. The two tombs are expected to serve as important materials for related research, such as changes by period in the forms of Joseon-era tombs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.75-87
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate conservation and management methods of the Joseon Royal Tombs under the Eastern District Management Office. Through the literature survey, we understood the process of change of Joseon royal tombs, and through field surveys and interviews, we understood the status of the interior and the surrounding area. In this process, topography, land use and flow of human traffic, architecture and stone objects, water system, historical forests, and facilities were set as the main evaluation indicators. Urbanization has damaged the original terrains of Royal Tombs as national roads, buildings and facilities have constructed in the inner and outer area of Joseon Royal Tombs. Construction of underground passage, land purchase, relocation and demolition of the buildings are required for the conservation of the Royal Tombs area, and then it is necessary to recover the original terrain. In the case of land use and pathways, there are many disconnection of the original ritual circulation, they should be maintained to remind the sacred atmosphere of the royal tomb. And It is necessary to collect accurate information on the lost buildings and stoneworks through literature survey and excavation investigation, and that investigations should be lead to the exposure or restoration of the ruins. Historical forests require periodic and ongoing monitoring and management, and it is necessary to establish new entrance area and appropriate facilities following the long-Term conservation and management plan. These plans should be classified into short, medium and long-Term projects according to urgency and securing financial resources with a long perspective to implement continuous and systematic projects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.66-77
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• 2016

This contribution studied constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness of Joseon Royal Tombs regarding its location, spatial organization and elements. A literature investigation and a field study have been carried out, and the royal tombs of the Goryeo Dynasty and the Shilla Dynasty also have been studied to look for the its origins. The outcomes are as follows. The tomb's system of Joseon Royal Tombs inherited the King Gongmin's Tomb of the Goryeo Dynasty of Buddhism, but they have their own characteristics in a spatial organization and elements involved in Confucianism, Taoism, not only Buddhism. In the aspect of location, Joseon Royal Tombs followed the Feng-shu geometric principle to find a land that have a mountain in the back, and a river in the front. Spatial plan was carried out with Confucianism to apply the order of rank. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are shown with the elements such as architecture, landscape architecture, stone objects, and historical forest being connected each other. Especially, constructional intentions, ideas, thought and aesthetic consciousness are connected with the people in Joseon Royal Tombs through the ritual ceremony of Confucianism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.43-55
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate conservation and management methods of the Joseon Royal Tombs in the Middle District. Urbanization has damaged many of the original terrains as many buildings and facilities have entered the inner and outer area of Joseon Royal Tombs. Land purchase, relocation and demolition of the building are required for the recovery of the Royal Tombs area, and then it is necessary to recover the original terrain. In the case of land use and pathways, there were many land use which harmed the sacred atmosphere of the area, and many disconnection of the ritual circulation, they should be maintained to remind the sacred atmosphere of the royal tomb. The water system should be changed to natural type canal, and it is necessary to collect accurate information on the lost buildings and stoneworks through literature survey and excavation investigation, and then lead to the exposure or restoration of the ruins. Historical forests require periodic and ongoing monitoring and management, and it is necessary to establish a historical and cultural museum that can provide to visitors information about Joseon Royal Tombs. These works should be classified into short, medium and long-term projects with a long perspective to implement continuous and systematic projects.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2022

The representative cultural heritage showing relatively clearly the growth and development of the Mahan culture in Jeollabuk-do is the tombs in Sangun-ri, Wanju. The tombs were excavated in the early 2000s; however, little effort has since been made to investigate or preserve the wider area around the tombs. Thus, only the status quo has been maintained except for the conservation of a few relic parks. In recent years, active cultural management has become necessary to maintain the historic areas in the Mahan cultural region, so these tombs are once again receiving attention. To further the preservation efforts in the area, it is important to actively discuss budget adjustments, consider additional investigation, and re-examine the academic value of the historic site. Practical limitations mean that it is necessary to approach the conservation strategy in stages. The first step is to have the areas of cultural interest and any adjacent lands urgently designated as provincially protected cultural heritage. Consequently, historically important areas on private land should be identified and purchased. Thereafter, a preservation plan should be established to reinforce the historical value of the sites as nationally designated historic sites. This can be achieved through the restoration of the landscape adjacent to the historic sites, as well as additional investigations and designation of sites in surrounding areas. These goals can only be achieved with the active interest and support of relevant institutions.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.23-46
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• 2009

The history to have used lime in building construction was much long without distinction of the East or the West. The ancient nations of korean peninsula had used lime as construction material. The witness was discovered in the kings' tombs of fifth century. In the Joseon dynasty(15~19c), what applied several developed lime compounds to the kings' tombs have been recorded in 'Sanleong-Uigwe(山陵儀軌)' & 'Yeonggeon-Uigwe(營建儀軌)' of those days documents. Therefore, this paper is to examine the whole procedures from the product and provision of lime to its application through those days documents. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. Three lime compounds to be developed for the kings' tombs was extendedly applied to residential government buildings step by step within the current of time. These compounds to be used in the kings' tombs of the Joseon dynasty had been correlated to those of the ancient nations, which were nations of korean peninsula in narrow range, chinese and orient nations in broad range. These compounds have possibilities of development as the environmental-friendly building material. And these compounds should provide a standard specification for conservation & restoration of the traditional and cultural properties. I could confirm that the whole procedures had not been developed within limited space-time of the specified nation & period, but within interactions of the nations & periods. In the periods which disturb its interaction, the expansion of productivity in building construction was interfered.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.6 no.3 s.13
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• pp.129-143
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• 1997

The perspective representation and its effect that appeared in the tombs and mural paintings of koguryo are summarized as follows: First, The inside structure of the tombs is likely to show the deepness effect, placing each function in the front and both sides centering around the mane pillars and creating the boundaries and the spaces that have various visibility between the inside and outside spaces of the structure just like a traditional Korean house shows. In addition, The deepness effect is emphasized by suggesting that the spaces are countinued with a storage attached behind the main house or by forming the level and deployment in a narrow space like the scene that a large array is looked out from the main house. Second, The deepness effect is expressed by making the form of ceiling turn to a vertical space of an ascending image, constructing it just as the lotus lamp ceiling of a wooden architecture or drawing it just like the imaginary heavenly world with the sun the moon and mythical fairies and animals spread in it. Thried, The perspective effect is disclosed by drawing the mural pictures in an equally set bird's-eye view without regard to the disfance proportion according to the conceptual visualization which is not a visual penetration, adopting the multiple view points and moving view points that are moving around as an important manner of seeing. Fourth, The deepness effect is emphasized through the scene of changing spaces when they are looked out far or looked into depending on a viewpoint of the daily life by forming the fromes of paintings that we made up with actual pillars, Du Gong, crossbeams or that are painted in most tombs. Fifth, The rich spatial senses are reflected by originating the characters of the three directions, level, deployment and ascending. An example which can support the conclusion of this study can be given here. that is, the construction ground plan of a dwelling house of a nobleman at the end of Koguryo as a remain which was excavated at Dongdae Ja in Jip An.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.19-34
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the assignment and the procurement method of wood works' craftsman through the Salleung-dogamuigwes in royal tombs constructions in the late Joseon period. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, Carpenter and other nine craftsmen were introduced in carpentry works. The craftsmen were put in by occupation to maintain the quality of the government building construction by wood processing area. It was distinguished by frame member, Sujangjae, window framing wood, decorative member. Second, sawyer showed a sharp increase in the latter half of the 18th century and declined since the middle of the 19th century. This is closely related to the increase in demand for building materials and the growth of civilian wood products. As a maximum of 300 people have been assigned to the craftsmen in the woodwork, it can be seen that the work has been divided by the process. Third, the national carpenter was difficult to procure from the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. From the middle 18th century, the system procuring national carpenter was stabilized. In the 19th century, the input ratio of the national craftsmen seems to have decreased significantly and seems to have kept it at the minimum level. Forth, sawyer were procured through Seongonggam from the late 18th century through the mid 19th century. That means that the role of the sawyer had become important. Since Jogakjang is not a necessary manpower, it usually has civilian artisans.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2010

The cultural assets of the palaces royal tombs remains institution expanded the convenient facilities for the disabled that can help the disabled to watch, to propel the convenient facility expanding business according to the condition of each facility. However, there has been limitations for the disabled facility users in viewing the cultural assets, as the facilities were not installed or were not installed properly. Due to the uniform installation of the convenient facilities that did not consider the features of the cultural assets, the conservation value of the cultural assets have been depreciated and the convenient use standards of the facility users such as the disabled were simultaneously unsatisfactory. Thus, this study maintains the pre-existing value of the palaces royal tombs remains institution that is the Korean indigenous traditional heritage, and uses a part of the improvement model development study on the palaces royal tombs remains institution of the disabled convenience enhancement to understand the current convenient facility installation and relevant services to find the restricted factors in using the facilities and the main problems. The problems were categorized into 13 types of questions, using the repeated problems occurred within the investigated facilities to look at the actual condition of the facilities, which showed that the facilities were in adequate in the aspects of convenient facility installation and relevant service.