• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.17-22
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• 2002

A wooden coffin estimated to be made in Baikjae Dynasty in AD. 6 century was excavated from ancient tombs in Nung-san ri, and examined to identify its wood species using light and electron microscopy. Wooden part attached to oxdized complex around the iron nails on the coffin was electro-chemically separated to prepare the samples for observation. The results revealed that 24 samples out of 28 samples investigated were identified as Torreya nucifera, while the rest 4 samples were identified as Pinus densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.5
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• pp.41-63
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• 1981

The mural portraits of the ancient Dukheungri tombs are very important for the study of our traditional costume because the tomb contains a stone. with the in-scription of the date of its erection, 408 A.D. and the name, and official status of the buried. The costumes shown in the mural paintings will be the basis on which historical research can be made concerning costumes before and after 400 A. D. The costume in the mural paintings is classified into five different categories; You (jacket), Po (overcoat), Go (trousers), Sang (skirt), and Gwan (hat). Comparing these categories with those of other mural paintings lead us to the following conclusions. 1. The length of the You (jacket) reaches below the buttocks and the sleeves are narrow. The edges of the sleeves are decorated with stripes. The You (jacket) over-laps on the right, center, and left sides, and there are many Jikryong (V-collar) and Danryong (rounded collar) styles, but it has a similar tendency to others of the Pyongyang area which exhibit many foreign influences. In a departure from tradition. the belts on the men's You (jackets) have only 3 knots in the front, with the back having more knots than the front. The belts of the women's You (jacket) seem to have had a band or button for fastening. We must re-evaluate the assumption that the You (jacket) and Go (trousers) of the northern peoples had the common characters of a belted You (jacket) and Po (over-coat) and that the Gorum originated from the Goryo or Unified Silla dynasty. The outside of the sleeves are longer and more to the side than the inner garment (underwear) so that the sleeves of the inner garment frequently overlapped the outer dress. The above mentioned facts have lead to the discovery of the "Hansam," "Tosi" and "Geodoolgi." 2. The Po (overcoat) was used only by the upperclasses and differs from those found in other mural tombs. The Po (overcoat) of the noble on the tomb mural is centered with an overlapping Jikryong (V-collar) while the other Po (overcoats) of the upperclasses are characterized by an overlap on the left, a Danryong (rounded collar) with two types of sleeves (wide and narrow). Foreign influences and traditional influences coexist in Po (overcoat). Belts have frontal knots without exceptions. The facts that the belts on the You (jackets) are on the front and the belts on the Po (overcoats) are on the back must be reexamined. 3. Go (trousers) is usually narrow, being wider in the rear and narrower below the knees. They were used by hunters on the back of horses with similar Go (trousers) from the Noinwoowha tombs being typical of the northern peoples. 4. Sang (skirts) are pleated as commonly seen in the Goguryo murals. The size of the pleat is varied, each pleat being characteristically wider and having different colors. Same types of pleat are discovered in Central Asia and China. It is uncertain whether the pleat of Goguryo was originated in Central Asia and China or only interrelated with those of the areas. 5. There are three kinds of Gwan (hats); Nagwan, Chuck, and Heukgun. Nag-wan was worn by the dead lords and their close relations. Chuck has three cone shaped horns. Heukgun was worn by military bandmen and horsemen. There are two kinds of hair styles. The up-style was used by the upperclass people closely related to lords, and other people used the Pungimoung hair style. The hair styles of the men and women are characterized by the Pungimoung style. which is a Chinese influence, but still retain their originality. The costume has a similar tendency from those from Yaksuri mural tombs, Anak No. 2 and Anak No. 3. We need to reexamine the costumes from $4{\sim}5$ century murals according to the Dukheungri murals. The costumes of Goguryo share many common factors with those of Western Asia, Central Asia and Ancient China (Han). It seems due to the cultural exchanges among the Northern peoples, the Western and Central Asians, and the Ancient Chinese. It may have resulted from the structural identity or morphological identity of the peoples, or their common social and natural environments and life styles. It will be very valuable to study the costumes of Japan, China, and Korea to find out the common factors. It is only regretful that the study is not based on direct observations but reported information made by 77 persons, because Dukheungri is an off-limits area to us.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.88-99
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• 2019

This study aims to conduct a depth analysis of motivation and value of local residents and tourists based on means-end chain theory. The sampling of the study was conducted on local residents living near downtown area of Gyeong-ju City, and tourists through soft laddering and hard laddering methods. A mutual correlation model in relation with Hierarchical Value Map (HVM) for each group by conducting the analysis of factor loading (attributes, consequences, value) and cognitive structure (the correlations among attributes, consequences and value) was proposed and the comparisons of HVM for each group was also conducted. The structured questionnaires using Association Pattern Technique (APT) of hard laddering were utilized to analyze the means and end of value chain structures in terms of the attributes, consequences, value of Gyeong-ju Ancient Tombs. The findings propose that local residents are visiting Ancient Tombs Gyeong-ju City Center for 'Rest and take a walk' as the means, which results in 'Relieving stress' and eventually leads to the 'Improvement of historic and cultural cultivation' as the end. On the other hand, tourists also 'Rest and take a walk' as the mean, which also leads to 'Relieving stress'. However, unlike local residents, it eventually leads to 'Self-reflection and healing' as the end. It is expected that the findings of this study not only recommend us to consider preserving and managing cultural heritages and value of ancient tombs in developing "Ancient Tomb Park in Gyoneg-ju City Center" but also provides baseline data for the establishment of reasonable plans of utilizing tombs, historical and cultural heritages.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2013

Microbial diversity of soil samples from ancient stone-lined tombs was investigated. The tombs, discovered at Eoryung Ocheon-Ri site, Korea, were estimated to be belonged to middle class people from an ancient country, Gaya, which existed till AD 559 at the southern part of Korea. Nine fungal stains and 70 bacterial strains were isolated from the twelve soil samples, which were collected from the tomb Nos. 5 and 6. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis discovered 5 fungal and 22 bacterial strains belonged to 10 genus groups from the tomb No. 5 while 1 fungal and 28 bacterial strains belonged to 6 genus from the tomb No. 6. The higher microbial diversity suggests that the tomb No. 5 was constructed warmer season than the tomb No. 6. Moreover, the discovery of Staphylococcus warneri, which is found as part of the skin flora on human and animals, and Bacillus aquimaris, which is a marine bacterium and can be discovered from tidal flat, from the surface of large dagger suggests that the ancient people may use meat and seafood at the burial ceremony.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.106-125
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• 2020

From 1949 to the present day, many Koguryo sites have been excavated, in North Korea. It can also be said that archaeological surveys and studies in North Korea have triggered Koguryo archaeological studies in South Korea. However, since the 1990s, the excavation of Koguryo sites and archaeological research in North Korea has been carried out as an extension of Daedonggang culture. Therefore, these archaeological surveys focused on the Pyongyang and more general northwestern areas of North Korea, and the conclusion was that Koguryo was a powerful nation with a millennium-long history inherited Gojoseon. Beginning in 1945 in North Korea, the archaeological surveys and related systems were organized, and burial mounds, castles, and city remains were excavated under the idea that Koguryo was a millennium-long, strong nation. In addition, archaeological research has been conducted to validate and confirm this belief. On the notion that Koguryo was founded in 277 BCE, it was insisted that the age of the tombs in Pyongyang was increased and Pyongyang took the position as a Vice Capital in the 4^th Century. Recently an excavation of the castle located in Pyongyang supports the idea that Koguryo inherited Gojoseon on a layered basis. However, the archaeological and conceptual grounds for the founding of Koguryo in the 3^rd Century BCE or the succession of Gojoseon and Koguryo were insufficient. As can be seen from the reconstruction of the royal tombs of the Dongmyung and Dangun, the archaeological surveys in North Korea were criticized for their selective discoveries and arbitrary interpretations. This further supports the necessity for joint excavations and academic exchanges between South and North Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.4-23
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• 2020

In this article, the excavation and research of cultural assets were set as a process and the improvement measures were considered. To this end, we examined the process of excavating cultural assets to diagnose problems, suggested changes in the format of reports and the establishment of a database, and drew up improvement models for Silla's ancient tombs and research. The problems of the current process of excavating cultural assets are as follows. First, investigation and research fail to integrate and merely comprise 'examination as an administrative procedure' or 'investigation for the sake of investigation', which ultimately hamper research and achievement. Second, there are differences in the composition or description of the report by surveyors or excavation agencies, which make it difficult to integrate data at a higher level. Third, the current form of reporting remains in analog format such as books and PDFs, which not only reduces continuity and efficiency to the research phase, but also lags behind the rapidly changing times. We believe that the improvement of these problems should be achieved by computerizing reports, converting them into digital formats, and establishing them in a database. First, regarding the transition to report format, it was pointed out that the form of excavation data, the final stage of the excavation process, remains analog and the improvement model was presented from the perspective of linking it to excavation and research, and the justification was emphasized through comparison with other cases. Second, the database reviewed the build model for Silla tombs. To this end, the purpose and expected effects, targets, progress, attributes, categories, and interfaces were examined.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.10
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• pp.72-88
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• 2011

This study is about the costume relics that were excavated from M10 of the 6th site, M13 and M14 of the 8th site among all the Runghai(龍海) ancient tomb sites that were known as the royal family's tombs of Balhae, which were built from the late 8th century to the early 9th century. These costume relics were also introduced in the academic journal of Chinese archaeology(考古) 6 in 2009. The summary of the results that focused on finding features of the costume relics and its meaning were as follows: 1. Male and female statues, both of which were excavated from the Runghai ancient tomb sites, had the shape and composition of the government official's costumes such as the Danryeong(團領), Bokdu, and Gwadae. The female's hairstyle and accessories were quite similar to other costume relics of Balhae. In particular, the male statues wearing the Danryeong and Bokdu were considered as the normal figures of government officials of Balhaeafter the mid 8th century. 2. The female statue wearing the male attire is considered as a maid, and we can confirm that women dressing up like a man was a popular trend in Tang(唐), and this trend was introduced to Balhae. 3. The back flap(垂脚) of Bokdu that the male statue is wearing in M10 of the 6th site, has a shape that has not been found in the ancient relics of both Balhae and Tang. Therefore, it is considered as a unique shape of Bokdu of Balhae. However, it needs to be observed more and discussed in the future. 4. In regards to the Gwadae, the outside of the Gwadae is decorated with jade and has an embossed carving that is gold inside. The Gwadae of the Runghaisites has a unique design and it is distinguished from other ancient relics. 5. The gold trefoil crown and the leather conical hat that were found in M14 of the 8th site can be seen as the basic composition of official's hats in ancient Korea. Also, the motif of the gold trefoil is closely related to Anthemion that is often seen in the relics of the Three Kingdom period. Thus, we can assume according to this important finding that the style of ancient Korea official's hats came from either the king or a royal family of Balhae after the mid 8th century.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.56-69
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigate the original space, the restoration and the construction methods of royal tombs of the Joseon dynasty Sejong who is one of the most respected kings by our people through old document. Yeongneung(英陵) where King Sejong and Queen Soheon is buried has a unique construction method and history of move which is as equally important as human history. It is estimated that there were documents which contains important materials of construction method in the time when the tomb is moved in 1468. Destroyed during Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 most of the records of Yeongneung's construction can be found almost no. Fortunately existing literature "朝鮮王朝實錄", "英陵補土所謄錄" written in 1786, "春官通考" written in 1788 and "英陵寧陵補土所謄錄" written in 1900 are used in this paper. As a result of examining these old documents, 1) Definition of tomb construction, 2) Space and layout of tomb, 3) Characteristics of tomb facilities, 4) Scale and contents of tomb construction, 5) Plants of tombs are included in this paper. World Heritage listed cultural facilities should be well preserved and careful consideration is required to use original construction methods during restoration. Accordingly this study conducted by examining old literature. Through this study including Yeongneung's construction characteristics, understanding of Yeongneung construction and restoration in the future is considered.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.6 no.1 s.7
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• pp.61-70
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• 1997

An integrated geophysical survey was conducted to study a construction method of the Sonsanri tombs including the Muryong royal tomb. With the distribution of soil resistivity and self potential values, the boundary between original ground and the construction site was delineated clearly. The original ground has relatively high resistivity of $1,000\~1,500$ ohm-m and low self-potential values of $0{\pm}3mV/m$, while the construction site has low resistivity less than 200 ohm-m and quite high self-potential values of $-20\~30mV/m$. It is interpreted that the open site for construction of subsurface tomb has the size of about 35 m in the north-south direction. Big difference in characteristics of ground between the tomb site and the original site gives a clue for the construction method of tombs in Baekje dynasty. The site was opened about 35 meters in the north-south direction and then a mold structure was constructed with a brick frame outside. The brick frame consists of bricks cemented each other and structually combined. The mold structure was removed from inside after refill of the opened construction site with some cemented rock debris and soil.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.112-131
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• 2021

The Gwanghwamun Gate of the Gyeongbokgung Palace was established in 1866 when Heungseon Daewongun rebuilt the Gyeongbokgung Palace. In Gwanghwamun, a large platform, woldae was established to reveal its hierarchy. The Gwanghwamun Woldae was equipped with stone railings on the left and right sides, fishing routes in the center, and stairs and slopes to the south. The Yongdu Stone was installed on the south side of the slope, which connected to the woldae, to express the path of the king in a formative manner. The Woldae King Road in Gwanghwamun was expanded in 1915 as the Joseon Promotion Conference was held at the Gyeongbokgung Palace and the woldae was destroyed around 1925. Since then, the figure has not been found since the time before the Gwanghwamun Gate. In the Donggureung royal tombs, there are many stones that are not placed in the royal tombs, including voussoir arch stones, Munsojeon Gugi-bi, as well as Nangan-Seokju, Dongja-seok, and Juk-seok, which are elements of the stone railings. These stone railings and Yongdu-seok are seen as stone objects of the Gwanghwamun Woldae, which can be found through the analysis of the style of the times and comparison with modern photographs.