DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Microbial Diversity inside Ancient Tombs and Burial Accessories from Gaya Age

가야시대 고분 및 부장품 내에 존재하는 미생물의 다양성 조사

  • Ha, Byeong-Seok (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Ko, Seon-Cheol (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Jo, A-Reum (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Seung-Rack (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kim, Sang-Woo (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Ro, Hyeon-Su (Department of Microbiology, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 하병석 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과) ;
  • 고선철 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과) ;
  • 조아름 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과) ;
  • 김승락 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과) ;
  • 김상우 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과) ;
  • 노현수 (경상대학교 자연과학대학 미생물학과)
  • Received : 2012.11.11
  • Accepted : 2013.06.07
  • Published : 2013.06.30

Abstract

Microbial diversity of soil samples from ancient stone-lined tombs was investigated. The tombs, discovered at Eoryung Ocheon-Ri site, Korea, were estimated to be belonged to middle class people from an ancient country, Gaya, which existed till AD 559 at the southern part of Korea. Nine fungal stains and 70 bacterial strains were isolated from the twelve soil samples, which were collected from the tomb Nos. 5 and 6. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis discovered 5 fungal and 22 bacterial strains belonged to 10 genus groups from the tomb No. 5 while 1 fungal and 28 bacterial strains belonged to 6 genus from the tomb No. 6. The higher microbial diversity suggests that the tomb No. 5 was constructed warmer season than the tomb No. 6. Moreover, the discovery of Staphylococcus warneri, which is found as part of the skin flora on human and animals, and Bacillus aquimaris, which is a marine bacterium and can be discovered from tidal flat, from the surface of large dagger suggests that the ancient people may use meat and seafood at the burial ceremony.

가야시대(경남 의령, 아라가야) 돌덧널무덤 5호와 6호의 부장품 속에서 채취한 12개의 토양시료에서 곰팡이균 9종과 세균 70종을 순수분리하였다. 분리된 미생물의 16S 및 18S rDNA 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 5호 고분에서 곰팡이 5 균주, 세균 10 속, 22 균주가 발견되었으며, 6호 고분에서는 곰팡이 1 균주, 세균 6 속, 28 균주가 발견되었다. 5호 고분의 높은 미생물다양성으로 미루어 5호 고분이 6호 고분보다는 좀 더 미생물 성장에 좋은 기후조건(여름이나 초가을)에 조성되었을 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 5호 고분에 부장된 대도의 표면에서 동물의 피부에 서식하는 Staphylococcus warneri와 갯벌에서 서식하는 해양성세균 인 Bacillus aquimaris와 같은 독특한 세균이 발견됨에 따라, 매장당시의 의식에 육류와 해산물이 사용되었음을 추정할 수 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 미생물학적 연구가 역사학 연구의 도구가 될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Campoccia, D., Montanaro, L., Visai, L., Corazzari, T., Poggio, C., Pegreffi, F., Maso, A., Pirini, V., Ravaioli, S., Cangini, I., Speziale, P. and Arciola, C. R. 2010. Characterization of 26 Staphylococcus warneri isolates from orthopedic infections. Int. J. Artif. Organs 33:575-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/039139881003300903
  2. Cano, R. J. and Borucki, M. K. 1995. Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25-to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber. Science 268:1060-1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7538699
  3. Hong, J. Y., Kim, Y. H., Jung, M. H., Jo, C. W. and Choi, J. E. 2011. Characterization of xylanase of Cladosporium cladosporioides H1 isolated from Janggyeong Panjeon in Haeinsa temple. Mycobiology 39:306-309. https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2011.39.4.306
  4. Jizhong, Z., Burns, M. A. and Tiedje, J. A. 1996. DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.62:316-322.
  5. Kim, O. S., Cho, Y. J., Lee, K., Yoon, S. H., Kim, M., Na, H., Park, S. C., Jeon, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Yi, H., Won, S. and Chun, J. 2012. Introducing EzTaxon-e: a prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequence database with phylotypes that represent uncultured species. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 62:716-721. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.038075-0
  6. Leveau, J. H., Uroz, S. and de Boer W. 2010. The bacterial genus Collimonas: mycophagy, weathering and other adaptive solutions to life in oligotrophic soil environments. Environ. Microbiol. 12:281-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02010.x
  7. McNamara, C. J., Perry, T. D., Bearce, K. A., Hamandez-Dugue, G. and Mitchell, R. 2006. Epilithic and endolithic bacterial communities in limestone from a Maya archaeological site. Microb. Ecol. 51:51-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-005-0200-5
  8. Ortega-Morales, B. O. 2006. Cyanobacterial diversity and ecology on historic monuments in Latin America. Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol. 48:188-195.
  9. Pantanella, F., Berlutti, F., Passariello, C., Sarli, S., Morea, C. and Schippa, S. 2007. Violacein and biofilm production in Janthinobacterium lividum. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102:992-999.
  10. Schabereiter-Gurtner, C., Saiz-Jimenez, C., Pinar, G., Lubitz, W. and Rolleke, S. 2004. Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with Paleolithic paintings and surrounding rock walls in two Spanish caves (Llonn and La Garma). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 47:235-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00280-0
  11. Yoon, J. H., Kim, I. G., Kang, K. H., Oh, T. K. and Park, Y. H. 2003. Bacillus marisflavi sp. nov. and Bacillus aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from sea water of a tidal flat of the Yellow Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:1297-1303. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02365-0

Cited by

  1. A Report of Five Unrecorded Fungal Species of Korea vol.44, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4489/KJM.2016.44.4.240