• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.613-617
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• 2000

p-(2-Vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (4a), methyl p-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (4b), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (5a), methyl 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(2'-vinyloxy-ethoxy) benzylidenecyanoacetate (5 b), o-(2 -vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (6a), methyl o-(2-viny-Ioxyethoxy) benzylidenecyanoacetate (6b), 1,3-di-(2',2'-dicyanovinyl)-5-methyl-2-(2'-vinyloxyetioxy)benzene (7a), l,3-di-(2'-carbomethoxy-2'-cyanovinyl)-5-methyl-2-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzene (7b), 2,3,4-tri-(2'-viny-Ioxyethoxy) benzylidenemalononitrile (8a), methyl 2,3,4-tri-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenecyanoacetate (8b), 2,4,6-tri-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzylidenemalononitrile (9a), and methyl 2,4,6-tri-(2'-vinyloxyethoxy)benzyl-idenecyanoacetate(9b) were prepared by the condensation of the corresponding benzaldehyde 1-3 with malononitrile or methyl cyanoacetate, respectively. Vinyl ether monomers 4, 6, and 8 polymerized readily with radical initiators to yield crosslinked polymers 10, 12, and 14. However, compounds 5, 7, and 9 were inert to radical initiators due to the steric hindrance. The resulting polymers 10, 12, and 14 were not soluble in common solvents showing a thermal stability up to $300^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.25 no.B
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

From 2000 to 2004, the research was carried out at Naerin-cheon and Inbook-cheon, the upper streams of Soyang Lake, to study the relationship between precipitation and eutrophication-causing water pollutants, BOD, T-N and T-P. During the five years, the amount of flowing water was measured, and the water quantity was examined under different precipitation levels. From the observation, outflow patterns of the water pollutants and changes in the water quality factors at the time of rainfall were clarified. In addition, estimation of the unit load was made for each stream; for Naerin-cheon at the time of rainfall, we estimated BOD to be $1,112kg/km^2/year$, T-N to be $2,077kg/km^2/year$, and T-P to be $223kg/km^2/year$; for Inbook-cheon at the time of rainfall, we estimated BOD to be $1,229kg/km^2/year$, T-N to be $1,565kg/km^2/year$, and T-P to be $255kg/km^2/year$. For the time of no rainfall different estimation was made; for Naerin-cheon, we estimated BOD to be $2,403g/km^2/day$, T-N to be $5,004g/km^2/day$, and T-P to be $53g/km^2/day$; and for Inbook-cheon, we estimated BOD to be $1,550g/km^2/day$, T-N to be $2,283g/km^2/day$, and T-P to be $42g/km^2/day$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1115-1119
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the difference between satellite cells (porcine) and myoblasts (C2C12) in their differentiation under the influence of 2, 4-thiazolidindion. C2C12 myoblast cells and porcine satellite cells (isolated from 10 d old $Landrace{\times}Duroc$ piglets) were grown to absolute confluency. Post confluent cells (day 0) were further exposed to adipogenic induction medium along with 2, 4-thiazolidindion ($8{\mu}M$) for 2 d. Thereafter, cells were exposed to 2, 4-thiazolidindion alone every 2 d till day 10 and analysed. The control was cultured in differentiation medium without any treatment. Increased (p<0.05) expression of transcriptional factors i.e. C/EBP-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ and transition of cells to adipocyte morphology was noticed from 2 d and 4 d onwards in satellite cells (Porcine) and myoblasts (C2C12) respectively. Myogenesis was observed to be suppressed completely in case of satellite cells compared to myoblasts in response to 2, 4-thiazolidindion. Pax-7 (transcriptional factor) appeared as a sole entity to satellite cells only, as it was not identified in case of myoblasts. Although both the cells were converting to adipoblasts, the degree of their conversion was different in response to 2, 4-thiazolidindion. Therefore, the hypothesis that satellite cells contribute various domains to the growing myoblasts appeared obscured and found to be dependent on the proliferative energy/or degree of fusion. However, it revealed satellite cells as currency to myoblasts/muscle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.112-126
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• 1991

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is ever-increasing and expected to reach about 600 ppmv some time during next century. Such an increase of $CO_2$ may cause a warming of the earth's surface of 1.5 to 4.5$^{\circ}C$, resulting in great changes in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The climatic scenario under doubled $CO_2$ projected by general circulation model of Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) was adopted to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on agroclimatic resources, net primary productivity and rice productivity in Korea. The annual mean temperature was expected to rise by 3.5 to 4.$0^{\circ}C$ and the annual precipitation to vary by -5 to 20% as compared to current normal climate (1951 to 1980), resulting in the increase of possible duration of crop growth(days above 15$^{\circ}C$ in daily mean temperature) by 30 to 50 days and of effective accumulated temperature(EAT=∑Ti, Ti$\geq$1$0^{\circ}C$) by 1200 to 150$0^{\circ}C$. day which roughly corresponds to the shift of its isopleth northward by 300 to 400 km and by 600 to 700 m in altitude. The hydrological condition evaluated by radiative dryness index (RDI =Rn/ $\ell$P) is presumed to change slightly. The net primary productivity under the 2$\times$$CO_2$ climate was estimated to decrease by 3 to 4% when calculated without considering the photosynthesis stimulation due to $CO_2$ enrichment. Empirical crop-weather model was constructed for national rice yield prediction. The rice yields predicted by this model under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climatic scenario at the technological level of 1987 were lower by 34-43% than those under current normal climate. The parameters of MACROS, a dynamic simulation model from IRRI, were modified to simulate the growth and development of Korean rice cultivars under current and doubled $CO_2$ climatic condition. When simulated starting seedling emergence of May 10, the rice yield of Hwaseongbyeo(medium maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate in Suwon showed 37% reduction compared to that under current normal climate. The yield reduction was ascribable mainly to the shortening of vegetative and ripening period due to accelerated development by higher temperature. Any simulated yields when shifted emergence date from April 10 to July 10 with Hwaseongbyeo (medium maturity) and Palgeum (late maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate did not exceed the yield of Hwaseongbyeo simulated at seedling emergence on May 10 under current climate. The imaginary variety, having the same characteristics as those of Hwaseongbyeo except growth duration of 100 days from seedling emergence to heading, showed 4% increase in yield when simulated at seedling emergence on May 25 producing the highest yield. The simulation revealed that grain yields of rice increase to a greater extent under 2$\times$ $CO_2$-doubled condition than under current atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration as the plant type becomes more erect.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.136-140
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• 2006

Ginseng was fermented by Aspergillus oryzae to search metabolites on the basis of increased biological activity and modified structure. From this research, two biotransformed compounds (WC2-2-1 and WC2-2-2) were detected and isolated through several chromatographic techniques. WC2-2-2 was confirmed to biologically active compound K by TLC, HPLC, and mass spectroscopy, while WC2-2-1 was going to be identified until now. In biological activity, both WG2-2-1 and WG2-2-2 exhibit the cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells, but WG2-2-2 was more active than WG2-2-1. It is supposed that WG2-2-1 is an intermediate metabolite transforming to final WG2-2-2, compound K.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 2002

[$CO_2$] is a well-known greenhouse gas, which is the major source of global warming. Many researchers have studied to reduce $CO_2$ emission in combustion processes. The central method of low $CO_2$ emission is Oxygen/CxHy combustion. Theoretically Oxygen/CxHy combustion only produces $CO_2\;and\;H_2O$ and allows convenient recovery of $CO_2$. The combustion characteristics, flame stability, composition in the flame zone and temperature profile were studied experimentally for various compositions of oxidant by substituting $CO_2\;for\;N_2$ with the constant $O_2$ concentration. Results showed that flame became unstable due to the high heat capacity, low transport rate and strong radiation effect of $CO_2$ in comparison with those of $N_2$. The reaction zone was quenched and broadened, as the ratio of $CO_2\;to\;N_2$ was increased. The emission of NOx in flue gas decreased due to the decreased temperature of the reaction zone. As the conversion ratio of $CO_2\;to\;N_2$ was increased, the emission of CO and the higher temperature zone increased due to decrease of reaction rate by the a quenching effect.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.534-537
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• 2013

A compact monopole antenna excited by a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) is developed for wireless USB dongle applications. The proposed antenna has a compact dimension of $14mm{\times}47.4mm{\times}3.5mm$, which is suitable for a USB dongle housing. A slotted elliptical patch and a CBCPW with vertical vias are employed to achieve a further size reduction and an improved impedance bandwidth. The measurement result demonstrates that the fabricated antenna resonates from 2.25 GHz to 10.9 GHz, which covers all of the important wireless communication bands, including WiBro (2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz), Bluetooth (2.4 GHz to 2.484 GHz), WiMAX (2.5 GHz to 2.7 GHz and 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz), satellite DMB (2.605 GHz to 2.655 GHz), 802.11b/g/a WLAN (2.4 GHz to 2.485 GHz and 5.15 GHz to 5.825 GHz), and ultra-wideband (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) services. The radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna when attached to a laptop are tested to investigate the influence of the keypad and the LCD panel of the laptop.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.408-411
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• 2010

Indium doped $SnO_2$ thick films for gas sensors were fabricated by a screen printing method on alumina substrates. The effects of indium concentration on the structural and morphological properties of the $SnO_2$ were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The structural properties of the $SnO_2$:In by X-ray diffraction showed a (110) dominant $SnO_2$ peak. The size of $SnO_2$ particles ranged from 0.05 to $0.1\;{\mu}m$, and $SnO_2$ particles were found to contain many pores, according to the SEM analysis. The thickness of the indium-doped $SnO_2$ thick films for gas sensors was about $20\;{\mu}m$, as confirmed by cross sectional SEM image. Sensitivity of the $SnO_2$:In gas sensor to 2000 ppm of $CO_2$ gas and 50 ppm of H2S gas was investigated for various indium concentrations. The highest sensitivity to $CO_2$ gas and H2S gas of the indium-doped $SnO_2$ thick films was observed at the 8 wt% and 4 wt% indium concentration, respectively. The good sensing performances of indium-doped $SnO_2$ gas sensors to $CO_2$ gas were attributed to the increase of oxygen vacancies and surface area in the $SnO_2$:In. The $SnO_2$:In gas sensors showed good selectivity to $CO_2$ gas.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2010

The SiO vapor that was generated from a mixture of Si and $SiO_2$ was reacted at $1350^{\circ}C$ for 2 h under vacuum with carbon nanofibers to produce SiC nanofibers having an average diameter of 100~200 nm. In order to understand the gas corrosion behavior, SiC nanofibers were exposed to air up to $1000^{\circ}C$. SiC oxidized to amorphous $SiO_2$, but its oxidation resistance was inferior unlike bulk SiC, because of high surface area of nanofibers. When SiC nanofibers were exposed to Ar-1% $SO_2$ atmosphere, SiC oxidized to amorphous $SiO_2$, without forming $SiS_2$, owing to the thermodynamic stability of $SiO_2$.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2010

A P2P technology in distributed environments is very useful in the respect that persons to have resources efficiently share the resources. A P2P system is caused as follows : resource search, resource transmission, resource transmission again and then excessively occurred network traffic. To improve performance about this a lot of studies is proceeding. One of this various study's directions to improve performance is recently come to a field to improve usability as such person. At this point this study is proposed P2P group search algorithm to improve usability.