• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.374-379
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• 2005

Background : The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) and the per unit alveolar volume (KCO; $D_LCO/VA$) gave discordant values when there was an abnormal alveolar volume (VA). However, the clinical significance of the discordant values in patients with airflow limitation has not been examined. This study investigated the $D_LCO$ and KCO changes after improving the airflow limitation. Methods : The baseline $D_LCO$ and KCO with lung volume were measured in patients with an airflow obstruction. The effective alveolar volume was measured using the single-breath $CH_4$ dilution method. The patients divided into two groups according to the baseline values: (1) increased KCO in comparison with the $D_LCO$ (high discordance) (2) decreased or not increased KCO in comparison with the $D_LCO$ (low discordance). The diffusion capacity and lung volume were measured after treatment. Results : There was no significant difference in the baseline lung volumes including the $FEV_1$ and FVC between the two groups. The $FEV_1$ and FVC were significantly increased in the high discordance group compared with the low discordance group after treating the airflow limitation. The $D_LCO$ and alveolar volume were significant higher in the high discordance group compared with the low discordance group while the TLC was not. Conclusion : The discordance between the $D_LCO$ and KCO could be translated into an airflow reversibility in patients with an airflow limitation.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.185-196
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• 1999

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum on essential hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Rats were orally administered for 30days with Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum and the blood was withdrawn at 10, 20 and 30days after an oral administration. The heart rate, tail blood pressure, plasma renin activity, plasma level of aldosterone. catecholamine, sodium and angiotensin II were measured after an oral administration of Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum in spontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR). In addition, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol and total lipid were measured cholesterol-fed rats. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. A significant decrease of tail blood pressure was shown at 10, 20 and 30days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum treatment in SHRs. compared with saline. 2. Heart rate was significantly decreased at 30days in SHRs after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang treatment and at 20, 30days after Onchung-Eum treatment in SHRs. compared with the effects of saline group. 3, A significant decrease of plasma aldosterone level was elicited at 10, 20days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang treatment in SHRs, compared with the effects of saline group, 4. Plasma renin activity was significantly decreased at 10days after Onchung-Eum treatment compared with the effects of saline group in SHRs. 5. Plasma norepinephrine level was significantly decreased at 20 and 30clays after Onchung-Eum treatment in SHRs, compared with the effects of saline group. 6. A significant decrease of plasma epinephrine level was induced at 30days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang treatment and at 10, 20 and 30days after Onchung-Eum treatment, compared with the effects of saline group in SHRs. 7. Plasma sodium level was. significantly decreased at 20days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum treatment, compared with the effects of saline group in SHRs. 8. Plasma angiotensin II level was significantly decreased at 30days after Onchung-Eum treatment, compared with the effects of saline group in SHRs. 9. A significant decrease of body weight was observed at 20 and 30days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang treatment and at 10, 20 and 30days after Onchung-Eum treatment. compared with the effects of saline group in hyperlipidemia rats. 10. Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum showed a significantly decreasing effect at 30days on serum total cholesterol level in hyperlipidemia rats, compared with the saline treatment. 11. Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum saw 20 and 30days respectively on serum triglyceride level in the saline treatment. 12. Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum decreased on serum HDL-cholesterol level significantly, compared with the saline treatment in hyperlipidemia rats. 13. A significant decrease of serum LDL-cholesterol was observed at 10 and 30days after Hwangryeonheadock-Tang treatment and at 30days after Onchung-Eum treatment, compared with the effects of saline group in hyperlipidemia rats. 14. Hwangryeonheadock-Tang had a significantly decreasing effect at 10, 20 and 30days on serum total lipid level, compared with the saline treatment in hyperlipidemia rats. 15. Hwangryeonheadock-Tang elicited a significantly decreasing effect on weight of kidneys, spleen and testes respectively and Onchung-Eum induced on weight of liver and spleen respectively in hyperlipidemia rats, compared with saline treatment. These Findings suggest a possible anti-hypertensive and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Hwangryeonheadock-Tang and Onchung-Eum.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.611-623
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• 2018

This study investigated verbal behaviors and interactions in the processes of making written test items using paired think aloud problem solving for pre-service secondary chemistry teachers. The processes of making written test items using paired think-aloud problem solving in four small groups consisting of two pre-service chemistry teachers were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the results revealed that 'item making' for ten subcategories for solver's verbal behaviors were most frequently exhibited regardless of 'integration' among the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The solver's 'provide', 'modify', 'require agreement', 'ask', 'agree', and 'justify' were also frequently exhibited although fewer than 'item making'. Especially, the solver's 'ask' was more frequently used in 'non-integration', whereas 'justify' was more frequently used in 'integration'. In listener's verbal behaviors consisted of eight subcategories, 'point out', 'ask', and 'agree' were frequently exhibited regardless of 'integration'. Listener's 'ask' and 'agree' were exhibited more in 'non-integration', whereas 'point out' was exhibited more in 'integration'. Many verbal interactions were analyzed to be in 'symmetrical type' more than 'solver-dominant type' or 'listener-dominant type'. 'Symmetrical type' was also more frequently exhibited in 'integration', whereas 'solver-dominant type' was more frequently exhibited in 'non-integration'. There were little differences between 'integration' and 'non-integration' in 'listener-dominant type'. In 23 subcategories of 'symmetrical type', 'ask-provide' and 'point out-justify' were most frequently found. Especially, 'ask-provide' was more frequently found in 'non-integration', whereas 'point out-justify' was more frequently found in 'integration'. 'Point out-modify' was the most frequent in 4 subcategories of 'listener-dominant type', while 'item making-agree' in three subcategories of 'solver-dominant type' regardless of 'integration'. However, only a little of other subcategories of the three types were found.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.97-128
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• 1997

This paper was set out to study the structure of the career occupational mobility in the early and rapid phase of industrialization in Korea. By analyzing the individual life histories regarding occupational mobility and achievement, I propose a model of yearly career mobility of Korean men and Women during the period of 30 years between 1954 and 1983. With the occupational classification scheme of 5 groups - Upper Nonmanual, Lower Nonmanual, Self Employed, Manual, Farm - the mobility pattern in the person-year mobility table analyzed can be characterized primarily by the strong influence of immobility. The degree of immobility, however, is different by the occupational groups. The absolute amount of immobility can be summarized as being U-shaped. Overall, the pattern of mobility can be explained best by the concept of occupational distance. I then propose a model of relative career occupational mobility pattern that combines the conceptual and theoretical basis and the methodological rigor. The model is based on the notion of the reproduction of inequality, the labor market context, and the life history perspective. The model encompasses the 6 conceptual explanatory factors such as persistence effect, ceiling effect, traditional sector effect, nonmanual occupation effect, alternative mobility channel effect, and occupational distance effect, as well as the effects of both origin and destination occupations. The relative pattern of career mobiliity in Korea can be characterized by the following six findings. First, the persistence effect on the diagonal cells of the mobility table is dominant. Second, a clear evidence of the negative effect of occupational distance between nonmanual occupations and manual and farm occupations is found. Third, the out-mobility from farming took place regardless of the destination occupations. Fourth, the internal mobility within the nonmanual occupation block is high and bi-directional, and is exclusive against other occupations. Fifth, the 'self employed' occupation is serving a peculiar function in both inflow and outflow pattern. Last, the relative pattern of career occupation mobility is asymmetrical in terms of the upward and downward mobility.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2012

The effects of dietary supplementation of dried coffee meal (CM) on growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, the weights of immune-related organs, and the antioxidant defense system in broiler chicks were examined. A total of 162, 3-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to three dietary groups: control group (CON), control diet added with 0.5% CM (CM0.5), and control diet added with 1.0% CM (CM1.0). In vitro antioxidant activity test, coffee extracts showed concentration-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity. Dietary addition of 0.5 and 1.0% of CM did not have negative effects on growth performance and feed conversion during the experimental periods, whereas dietary CM significantly (P<0.05) increased the relative weight of thymus without changes in the other organ weights. In addition, birds fed the diet supplemented with CM (0.5 and 1.0%) significantly increased blood albumin without affecting other components including glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol compared with those fed control diet. In antioxidant defense system, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase and the level of glutathione in the small intestine and liver were not affected by dietary supplementation of CM. However, hepatic lipid peroxidation in birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% CM was significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with that in control birds. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CM(0.5~1.0%) has potential for use as a natural antioxidant source without negative effect on growth performance in broiler chickens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of floor type and heating system on performance, housing environment and health status of ducks reared in three types of duck house (OD : Open floor house-Direct heating system, OF : Open floor house-Floor heating system and LD : Loft type house-Direct heating system). In OF treatment, PVC pipes were installed for heating under concrete floor and covered with litter. In LD treatment, plastic mesh was installed 50 cm above the floor so that duck's droppings can pass through it. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 birds (Cherry Valley duck breed) per pen. There were no significant differences in weight gain and feed intake of ducks for 6 weeks among all treatments. However, feed conversion ratio in LD was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in OF. No differences were found in carcass charac- teristics, with the exception of abdominal fat weight where OF were higher than the others. Concentrations of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ gas in OD were higher than those of OF and LD at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Moisture content in litter of OF was lower than that of OD. In contrast, the amount of dust in the air was higher in OF than in OD. The amount of fuel used for 6 weeks in LD was lower about 21% than that in OD. Some of unusual symptoms were observed in open floor house and loft type house, such as lying, spraddle legged, twisted ankle and legs, wounded sole, or etc. No components of leukocyte and erythrocyte of blood were significantly different among all treatments. The results of this experiment showed that OF and LD systems had no positive effects on performance of meat type commercial duck. However, there were some positive effects of certain house type for the improvement of environmental condition in duck house for hygienic production. In the future, more research on the effect of various facilities and systems for duck house is needed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 2016

Egg quality is a very important factor for both consumers and producers. Factors affecting egg quality include strain and age of hens; egg storage temperature, time, and humidity; laying season; and feeding. This study aimed to determine the effect of hen age and egg storage time on egg quality. A total of 700 eggs obtained from Hyline Brown commercial layers were used for this experiment, and they were separated into two hen age groups (30 vs. 60 weeks) with eight treatments and four storage times (day 0, 10, 20, and 30). The egg weight; shell color, thickness, and density; albumen height; Haugh unit (HU); yolk color; and the yolk and albumen pH and viscosity were measured for the egg quality assessment. The results showed that the age of the hen and egg storage time significantly affected almost all parameters of the internal and external egg quality. The shell thickness, albumen height, HU, yolk color, pH of yolk and albumen, and yolk viscosity significantly decreased with increasing hen age. The egg shell color was significantly lighter in eggs from 60-week-old hens than in those from 30 weeks-old hens. The egg weight; shell weight, thickness, and density; albumen height, HU; and albumen viscosity significantly decreased, but the yolk color and pH of the yolk and albumen increased with increasing egg storage time. The interaction effects between the storage time and hen age were significant in shell thickness, albumen height, yolk color, and yolk and albumen pH and viscosity. The eggs obtained from 60-week-old hens showed significantly lower shell thickness, albumen height, and HU values, which are considered typical egg quality measurements, than values of eggs from 30-week-old hens. Therefore, increasing hen age and egg storage time caused the deterioration of egg quality. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that hen age is the major factor affecting the quality of fresh eggs, whereas the storage time is the determinant factor affecting the quality of stored eggs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2009

In the current study, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated and propagated from the human umbilical cord blood (UCB) were tested for their capabilities of differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro. The mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) collected from UCB were cultured in a low glucose DMEM medium with 10% FBS, L-glutamine and antibiotics. The human MSC colonies were positively stained by PAS reaction. When the immunophenotypes of surface antigens on the MSCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, these cells expressed positively MSC-related antigens of CD 29, CD44, CD 90 and CD105, whereas they did not express antigens of CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133 and HLA-DR. Following induction these MSCs into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks or more, the cells were stained positively with safranin O. We clearly confirmed that human MSCs were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent stain of type-II collagen protein. These data also indicate that the isolation, proliferation and differentiation of the hUCB-derived MSCs in vitro can be used for elucidating the mechanisms involved in chondrogenesis. Moreover this differentiation technique can be applied to developing cell-based tissue regeneration or repair damaged tissues.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.463-468
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Kluyveromyces fragilis, Candida utilis and brewer's yeast as an additive in formulated diets containing different fish meal levels ($55{\%} and 45{\%}$) on growth and body composition of juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Juvenile rockfish (average weight, 2.6 g) were distributed into 24 tanks with 3 replication groups and fed eight isoproteic ($41{\%}$) and isolipidic ($11{\%}$) diets containing each level ($3{\%}$) of K. frayilis, C. utilis and brewer's yeast as an additive. Survival rate of fish was not affected by dietary fish meal level and yeast kind (P > 0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the control and diets containing C. utilis and brewer's yeast was not influenced by fish meal level (P > 0.05), Weight gain of fish fed the $55{\%}$ fish meal diet containing C. utilis and $45{\%}$ fish meal diets containing K. fragilis and C. utilis was lower than that of fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the control and diet containing brewer's yeast were not affected by fish meal level, but these value of fish fed the diets containing K, fragilis and C. utilis were lower in $45{\%}$ fish meal diets than in $55{\%}$ fish meal diets. Hepatosomatic index and liver lipid content of fish fed the diet containing C. utilis were decreased regardless of fish meal level (P < 0.05), Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, plasma total protein and plasma total glucose were not affected by dietary fish meal levels and yeast supplements (P > 0.05). From the above results, it can be concluded that yeast supplement in this formulated diet for growth of juvenile rockfish is not necessary.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.707-713
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to select yogurt starter from Korean traditional fermented foods. The 2 strains (KM24, KM32) among 50 strains of isolated lactic acid bacteria selected as starter based on milk clotting ability, antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, tolerance in artificial gastric and bile juice and growth in 10 % skimmed milk. The strains were identified as Lacobacillus plantarum (KM32) and Pediococcus pentosacesus (KM24) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Viable cell number of yogurt fermented with mixed strains (KM24 and KM32) was 9.66 log CFU/mL after fermentation for 48 h and maintained $10^9CFU/mL$ during fermentation for 72 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The pH and titratable acidity of mixed cultured yogurt were 4.25% and 0.83% after fermentation for 48 h at $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. The physico-chemical characteristics of mixed cultured yogurt after fermentation for 48 h were $38.45{\mu}g/mL$ (polyphenol content), 48.57% (DPPH radical scavenging activity) and 465.40 cp (viscosity), respectively. The mixed cultured yogurt maintained $10^9CFU/mL$ of lactic acid bacteria during storage 10 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The viable cell number of yogurt prepared with mixed culture(KM32+KM24) maintained higher and than that of control (L. casei) during storage. These results indicated the potential use of selected strains (KM32+KM24) isolated from kimchi as a yogurt starter with strong acid tolerance and probiotics properties.